Tackling a GMATPrep CR Weaken Problem
This week, were going to discuss one of the most common critical reasoning problem types: Weaken the Conclusion.
If you havent yet, read this article before we try our GMATPrep problem. Then set your timer for 2 minutes and go!
* Tiger sharks are common in the waters surrounding Tenare Island. Usually tiger sharks feed on smaller sharks, but sometimes they have attacked tourists swimming and surfing at Tenares beaches. This has hurt Tenares tourism industry, which is second only to its fishing industry in annual revenues. In order to help the economy, therefore, the mayor of the island has proposed an ongoing program to kill any tiger sharks within a mile of the beaches.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly calls into question the likelihood that implementation of the mayors proposal will have the desired consequences?(A) Even if not all the tiger sharks that come close to the beaches are killed, the existence of the program would reassure tourists.
(B) Business owners who depend on tourism are willing to pay most of the cost of implementing the program.
(C) Tourists come to Tenare Island for its beaches, even though the island features a number of other tourist attractions.
(D) The small sharks on which tiger sharks prey feed on fish that are commercially important to the islands fisheries.
(E) Not all tourists who come to Tenare Island enjoy swimming or surfing.
Okay, now that youve got an answer, lets use our 4-step CR process.
Step 1: Identify the Question
First, we read the question stem:
Which of the following, if true, most strongly calls into question the likelihood that implementation of the mayors proposal will have the desired consequences?"
The key identifying language is not as straightforward as usual on this one. The language if true indicates that we probably have either a strengthen, weaken, or paradox question. (Its possible to have a different question type, but if true language indicates one of these three types the vast majority of the time.)
The language indicates that the mayor has some kind of proposal with certain desired consequences basically, the mayor has a plan that is supposed to lead to some certain conclusion or outcome. The question asks us to call this into question in other words, were looking for something thats going to weaken the conclusion.
Now we need to go read the argument and figure out what the mayors conclusion is!
Step 2: Deconstruct the Argument
In this argument, the first sentence is background information: a certain kind of shark lives in a certain region. The second sentence also contains facts. Now we know that tiger sharks normally eat other sharks, but they have been known to attack people. The third sentence contains more facts: the shark attacks have hurt tourism and tourism is important to the region (along with fishing).
Finally, we get to the conclusion in the final sentence. First, note the opening language: in order to help the economy. This is really important. Some plan is going to be proposed in order to help the economy. In other words, its pretty likely that helping the economy is the final conclusion. Read on. The mayor wants to kill the tiger sharks that are close to the beaches. Why? In order to help the economy.
Notice how theyre trying to trick us! The word therefore comes right before the plan to kill the sharks, not right before the in order to help the economy language, so it would be very easy to say that the plan itself is the conclusion. But why is the mayor implementing this plan? If the plan succeeds, then what will happen? The economy will get better in some way.
Your notes might look something like this (though there are lots of ways to write notes!):
Usu: TS eat sm S
BUT st attk ppl tour ind #2 (#1=fish)
kill TS near bch econ
Note that I used abbreviations; you can use any you want as long as they make sense to you. My typical abbreviation for usually or normally is Usu: (with the colon after). Its fairly common for an argument or RC passage to talk about how something is usually or typically done, so thats why I have a standard abbreviation that I always use. (And Im unlikely to confuse Usu: for some other word or meaning.) I use the abbreviation "st" to mean either sometimes or something (in this case, it means sometimes). I also used horizontal arrows to show when one thing led to another, and up and down arrows these can be used to show something thats getting better or worse, or for quantities (more or less of something) and so on. Finally, I used a c with a circle around it to indicate the conclusion.
While Ive been doing this, Ive also been looking for assumptions. What are assumptions?
Assumptions are NOT stated in the argument, but they are things that the author (whoevers drawing the conclusion) must believe to be true in order to draw that conclusion. In this case, the mayor is drawing the conclusion that killing the tiger sharks in the area will help the economy. What is the mayor assuming must be true?
The mayor is assuming that they can actually find and kill the tiger sharks. The mayor is assuming that there arent so many that theyll just keep coming. The mayor is also assuming that killing the tiger sharks wont have an unexpected consequence that could actually hurt the economy rather than help it. For example, what if tourists found out about the plan and decided not to vacation on the island in protest?
I dont need to brainstorm all of the possible assumptions I dont have time! but I do have some general ideas: the plan has to work in the way that the mayor is assuming it will, and the plan cant have the unexpected consequence of hurting the economy in some way instead of helping it. These two generalities are often true on problems in which there is some kind of plan that is designed to lead to a specific goal.
Step 3: State the Goal
Our goal is to find an answer that makes the mayors plan a bit less likely to succeed. (On weaken questions, we do not have to find an answer the completely destroys the argument; its enough to make the conclusion less likely to be true or valid.)
Glance at the wording of the question again: it specifically asks us to find something that will hurt the ability to achieve the desired consequences. In other words: somehow, something will actually make it more likely that the plan fail to help the economy. We need to find that thing.
Step 4: Work from Wrong to Right
(A) Even if not all the tiger sharks that come close to the beaches are killed, the existence of the program would reassure tourists.
Lets see. We put the plan into place. We kill some sharks. We cant kill all of them, but the tourists are reassured. This would be likely to help tourism, which would help the economy. That doesnt weaken the conclusion. Eliminate A. (This is a Reverse Logic trap: we want to weaken the conclusion; this answer strengthens the conclusion.)
(B) Business owners who depend on tourism are willing to pay most of the cost of implementing the program.
Oh, thats interesting: maybe the flaw in the plan is that it will cost money and so that will hurt the economy somehow! Hmm. Wait, but this says that the business owners are willing to pay the costs, not that theyre protesting the costs. That doesnt hurt the mayors plan; in fact, it sounds like the business owners approve of the plan! Eliminate B.
(C) Tourists come to Tenare Island for its beaches, even though the island features a number of other tourist attractions.
If the tourists do vacation here primarily in order to go to the beach, then the tiger shark problem is definitely a big problem theyd better solve it! But they already know that; thats why the mayor is proposing this plan. If nobody cared about the beaches or the tiger shark problem, then they wouldnt have to bother implementing this plan. This doesnt weaken the idea that the plan will succeed. Nor does it strengthen the idea. This choice just does nothing at all to the conclusion. Eliminate C.
(D) The small sharks on which tiger sharks prey feed on fish that are commercially important to the islands fisheries.
This one kind of seems like its out of left field. Who cares about the small sharks that the tiger sharks eat? Lets see. The tiger sharks normally eat these small sharks, and the small sharks normally eat fish that the fisheries are using or catching. So the small sharks are actually bad for the fishing industry because they eat up the fish. So what?
Oh, I think I see. Right now, the tiger sharks may be keeping the population of the smaller sharks under control there arent too many because the tiger sharks are eating them. If we get rid of all of the tiger sharks, then the smaller sharks will likely start increasing in number, which means theyll be eating more fish, which means bad for the fishing industry. And the fishing industry is a major part of the economy; in fact, according to the argument, the fishing industry is even more important than the tourist industry. (Notice that the conclusion only says were trying to help the economy overall. It doesnt say that were only trying to help the tourist economy!)
Wow, really? Im a bit unsure whether I can really take that many steps. But the first three were definitely wrong. Well, Ill leave this one in for now and check answer E.
(E) Not all tourists who come to Tenare Island enjoy swimming or surfing.
Okay, maybe some people dont really care about the tiger sharks because theyre not there to use the beach. How does that affect whether the mayors plan will work?
It doesnt. It doesnt address the plan at all this answer is out of scope. Theyre trying to get us to think Oh, maybe the shark thing isnt such a big problem after all, because some people dont care about the beach. But the argument flat-out told us that the tourism industry is already being hurt, and the question asked us to find something that weakens the mayors specific plan. This answer doesnt address any of that. Eliminate E.
The correct answer is D.
Okay, raise your hands: how many of you eliminated D because it seemed like it was going way too far totally out of the scope of the argument? This is a tough question; Im sure a lot of people eliminated D for this or other reasons. How do we make sure that were not eliminating too quickly?
First, when you have a strengthen, weaken, or paradox question, be aware that the correct answer will be more out of scope than were allowed to be for other question types. Answers to inference and find an assumption questions have to be very tightly tied to the original information, but strengthen, weaken, and paradox questions are actually asking us to find a new piece of information to insert into the argument. So resist the urge to eliminate something immediately because you think its out of scope check to make sure.
How do we check? Glad you asked. :) On strengthen and weaken questions, were specifically asked to strengthen or weaken the conclusion. First, then, we have to make sure we find the conclusion. Second, we have to examine the answers from the point of view of how they affect the conclusion.
Answer E was truly out of scope because it did not affect the conclusion (whether the plan would or would not help the economy). Answer D, on the other hand, was very much in scope, because it did affect the conclusion: if answer D is true, then its somewhat less likely that the plan will actually succeed in its goal to help the economy. It might help the tourist economy, but at the expense of the fishing economy which is the #1 source of annual revenues.
Key Takeaways for Solving Weaken CR Problems:
(1) Know how to recognize this type. The question stem will contain if true or equivalent language, as well as language such as most weakens, most seriously undermines, casts the most doubt, calls into question, or something similar.
(2) Know what to do with Weaken questions. Find the conclusion and identify the main supporting premise(s), then brainstorm assumptions. Our goal is to find an answer that makes the conclusion at least a little less likely to be true. We dont need to find an answer that completely destroys the conclusion.
(3) Watch out for traps! These questions usually contain a Reverse Logic trap (they ask us to weaken, and the answer strengthens instead, or vice versa). In addition, be careful not to eliminate too quickly because you think something is out of scope. Check to see whether it affects the conclusion in any way. Its only out of scope if it does not affect the conclusion. (If it does affect the conclusion, then that answer either weakens or strengthens the conclusion.)
* GMATPrep questions courtesy of the Graduate Management Admissions Council. Usage of this question does not imply endorsement by GMAC.