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WHALES

Expert replies
by sogmat » Tue Apr 21, 2009 7:49 pm
As air-breathing mammals, whales must once have lived on land and needed hind limbs capable of supporting the mammals’ weight. Whales have the bare remnants of a pelvis. If animals have a pelvis, we expect them to have hind limbs. A newly discovered fossilized whale skeleton has very fragile hind limbs that could not have supported the animal’s weight on land. This skeleton had a partial pelvis.
If the statements above are true, which one of the following, if also true, would most strongly support the conclusion that the fragile hind limbs are remnants of limbs that land-dwelling whales once had?
(A) Whale bones older than the fossilized hind limbs confirm that ancient whales had full pelvises.
(B) No skeletons of ancient whales with intact hind limbs capable of supporting the mammals’ weight have ever been found.
(C) Scientists are uncertain whether the apparently nonfunctioning limbs of other early mammals derived from once-functioning limbs of their ancestors.
(D) Other large-bodied mammals like seals and sea lions maneuver on beaches and rocky coasts without fully functioning hind limbs.
(E) Some smaller sea-dwelling mammals, such as modern dolphins, have no visible indications of hind limbs.

OA -a
why not D
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Source: — Critical Reasoning |

Re: WHALES

by lunarpower » Wed Apr 22, 2009 1:45 am
sogmat wrote:As air-breathing mammals, whales must once have lived on land and needed hind limbs capable of supporting the mammals’ weight. Whales have the bare remnants of a pelvis. If animals have a pelvis, we expect them to have hind limbs. A newly discovered fossilized whale skeleton has very fragile hind limbs that could not have supported the animal’s weight on land. This skeleton had a partial pelvis.
If the statements above are true, which one of the following, if also true, would most strongly support the conclusion that the fragile hind limbs are remnants of limbs that land-dwelling whales once had?
(A) Whale bones older than the fossilized hind limbs confirm that ancient whales had full pelvises.
(B) No skeletons of ancient whales with intact hind limbs capable of supporting the mammals’ weight have ever been found.
(C) Scientists are uncertain whether the apparently nonfunctioning limbs of other early mammals derived from once-functioning limbs of their ancestors.
(D) Other large-bodied mammals like seals and sea lions maneuver on beaches and rocky coasts without fully functioning hind limbs.
(E) Some smaller sea-dwelling mammals, such as modern dolphins, have no visible indications of hind limbs.

OA -a
why not D
(d) is essentially irrelevant to the passage, since the passage deals with the historical / evolutionary development of the whale.
if anything, choice (d) counts as a circumstantial strike against the passage, because, if these mammals can move on land without functional hind limbs (note that "beaches and rocky coasts" are land), then whales may well have been able to do that, too. this statement therefore serves to undermine the first sentence of the passage ("whales ... MUST have ... needed hind limbs").

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(a) is the correct answer because it continues the obvious pattern that appears in the current evidence.
in the intermediate fossil, you have a partial pelvis and bare remnants of hind limbs.
in the current "version", you have bare remnants of a pelvis, and no hind limbs.
if this is a continuing evolution away from full hind limbs (as postulated in the passage), then you would expect the earlier version to have had full limbs ... and a full pelvis.
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