Points to ponder
The main subject here is The economic process : which is plural so we need a plural verb. This rule eliminates C . There is no reason to use a past perfect tense of the line in present. This eliminates D . Now, we have A, B and E

Option A:- INCORRECT
Have had concomitant social effects such as causing family authority structures to weaken and to transform religious to practices. Examples of social effect should be Noun . Moreover, Parallelism is not maintained between two example of social effects . Hence incorrect.

Option B:- INCORRECT
Have had no concomitant social effects such as the weakening of family authority structures and transforming religious practices. Example of Social effects should be Noun. Moreover, Parallelism is not maintained is not maintained between two example of social not. Hence incorrect.

Option C:- INCORRECT
Has had concomitant social effects such as weak family authority structures and transformed religious practices.
Use of singular verb HAS for plural noun PROCESSES is incorrect. Hence transformed

Option D:- INCORRECT
had concomitant social effects that caused family authority + structures to become weather and religious practices to transform changes the original intent. Hence incorrect.

Option E:- CORRECT
Have had concomitant social effects such as the weakening of family structures and the transformation of religious practices Parallelism is maintained while conveying original intent . Hence CORRECT.