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Surface of Europa

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by kobel51 » Mon Feb 10, 2014 6:04 am
On the surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa, water remains frozen, but the gravitational force of Jupiter and its other moons cause contractions that may generate so much heat that it would melt ice below Europa’s surface.

(A) moons cause contractions that may generate so much heat that it would melt

(B) moons cause contractions, with enough heat generated for melting

(C) moons causes contractions that may generate enough heat to melt

(D) moons, causing contractions, may generate so much heat to melt

(E) moons, which causes contractions, may generate enough heat for melting
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by Patrick_GMATFix » Mon Feb 10, 2014 6:20 am
Subject-verb agreement for "cause(s)" is tested. Its subject is "the force", not "Jupiter & its moons". Also pay attention to the intended relationship between contractions and heat generated; the right sentence must correctly explain that the contractions themselves, rather than the gravitational force, generate the heat. The full solution below is taken from the GMATFix App.

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by Bill@VeritasPrep » Mon Feb 10, 2014 12:12 pm
A and B can be eliminated for using the plural verb "cause". What is causing the contractions? The gravitational force, which is singular.

D is illogical. By placing contractions in a modifying phrase, it is now the gravitational force that is causing heat.

C is better than E; the infinitive "to melt" makes more sense than "for melting."
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by GMATGuruNY » Mon Feb 10, 2014 1:40 pm
kobel51 wrote:On the surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa, water remains frozen, but the gravitational force of Jupiter and its other moons cause contractions that may generate so much heat that it would melt ice below Europa’s surface.

(A) moons cause contractions that may generate so much heat that it would melt

(B) moons cause contractions, with enough heat generated for melting

(C) moons causes contractions that may generate enough heat to melt

(D) moons, causing contractions, may generate so much heat to melt

(E) moons, which causes contractions, may generate enough heat for melting
In A and B, cause (plural) does not agree with gravitational force (singular).
Eliminate A and B.

D: the gravitational force...may generate so much heat
E: the gravitational force...may generate enough heat
Not the intended meaning.
The intended meaning of the original sentence is that CONTRACTIONS may generate enough heat.
Eliminate D and E.

The correct answer is C.
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by richachampion » Sun Jul 24, 2016 3:58 am
GMATGuruNY wrote:
kobel51 wrote:On the surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa, water remains frozen, but the gravitational force of Jupiter and its other moons cause contractions that may generate so much heat that it would melt ice below Europa’s surface.

(A) moons cause contractions that may generate so much heat that it would melt

(B) moons cause contractions, with enough heat generated for melting

(C) moons causes contractions that may generate enough heat to melt

(D) moons, causing contractions, may generate so much heat to melt

(E) moons, which causes contractions, may generate enough heat for melting
In A and B, cause (plural) does not agree with gravitational force (singular).
Eliminate A and B.

D: the gravitational force...may generate so much heat
E: the gravitational force...may generate enough heat
Not the intended meaning.
The intended meaning of the original sentence is that CONTRACTIONS may generate enough heat.
Eliminate D and E.

The correct answer is C.
Mr. Hunt, Thank you so much for your help. I have few more questions -

On the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa, water remains frozen, but the gravitational force of Jupiter and its other moons cause contractions that may generate so much heat that it would melt ice below Europa's surface.

A) moons cause contractions that may generate so much heat that it would melt
Question: Can you please comment on the bold part if it is right or wrong?

B) moons cause contractions, with enough heat generated for melting
Question: Can you please comment if the above bold part is wrong or right?

C) moons causes contractions that may generate enough heat to melt
D) moons, causing contractions, may generate so much heat to melt

E) moons, which causes contractions, may generate enough heat for melting
Question: I think here "which" modifier conveys that it is only the moons of Jupiter that causes contraction. It does not take into account the fact that Jupiter also adds to the total gravitational force created.
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by AbdurRakib » Sun Jul 24, 2016 5:05 am
Please allow me to share my analysis
richachampion wrote:

Mr. Hunt, Thank you so much for your help. I have few more questions -

On the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa, water remains frozen, but the gravitational force of Jupiter and its other moons cause contractions that may generate so much heat that it would melt ice below Europa's surface.

A) moons cause contractions that may generate so much heat that it would melt
Question: Can you please comment on the bold part if it is right or wrong? ......>here referent if "it" is automatically to "heat",Changed the intended meaning.

B) moons cause contractions, with enough heat generated for melting
Question: Can you please comment if the above bold part is wrong or right? .......>altered the intended meaning.It closely says," Contraction happened as a consequence of melting

C) moons causes contractions that may generate enough heat to melt
D) moons, causing contractions, may generate so much heat to melt

E) moons, which causes contractions, may generate enough heat for melting
Question: I think here "which" modifier conveys that it is only the moons of Jupiter that causes contraction. It does not take into account the fact that Jupiter also adds to the total gravitational force created.........>my reasoning is same as your's.yeah,it narrowed the scope too,and changed meaning
Please share your opinion
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