OG-12(28) interestingly doesn't point out that (C) has a parallelism error.
Building on civilizations that preceded them in coastal Peru, the Mochica developed their own elaborate society, based on cultivating such crops like corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and shellfish, and exploiting other wild and domestic resources.
a) based on cultivating such crops like corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and shellfish, and exploiting
---> OG says there is a parallelism error for harvesting of fish. Makes sense;
when there are three "-ing" forms there is no reason use 'of' for all three( as it just sounds better), although harvesting fish is same as harvesting of fish;
b) based on the cultivation of such crops as corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and seafood, and the exploitation of
c) and basing it on the cultivation of crops like corn and beans, harvesting fish and seafood, and the exploiting of
--> OG doesn't point out that there is a parallelism error.
so its alright to have cultivation of , harvesting , exploitation of;
but harvesting of -> sounds better
d) and they based it on their cultivation of crops such as corn and beans, the harvest of fish and seafood, and exploiting
e) and they based it on their cultivating such crops like corn and beans, their harvest of fish and shellfish, and they exploited
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Doctors generally agree that such factors as cigarette smoking， eating rich foods high in fats， and alcohol consumption not only do damage by themselves but also aggravate genetic predispositions toward certain diseases.
cigarette smoking , eating rich foods , alcohol consumption
all three are representing actions - smoking , eating , consumption --> looks just fine;
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New theories propose that catastrophic impacts of asteroids and comets may have caused reversals in the Earth's magnetic field, the onset of ice ages, splitting apart continents 80 million years ago, and great volcanic eruptions.
(A) splitting apart continents
(B) the splitting apart of continents
(C) split apart continents
(D) continents split apart
(E) continents that were split apart
splitting apart continents --> here splitting apart is adjective and the noun is still continents;
the splitting apart of continents --> action in parallel with reversal and onset.
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Possible long-term consequences of the "greenhouse effect," the gradual warming of the Earth's climate, may include melting the polar ice caps and a rising sea level.
A. may include melting the polar ice caps and a rising sea level
B. may include the melting of polar ice caps and the rising sea level
C. may include polar ice caps that are melting and sea levels that are rising
D. include melting the polar ice caps and sea levels that are rising
E. include melting of the polar ice caps and a rise in sea level
Warming of Earth's climate -> noun is warming;
melting polar icecaps --> noun is polar icecaps;
rising sea level -> noun is rising sea level;
melting of polar icecaps --> noun is melting;
rise in sea level -> noun -> 'rise';[/u]
