Subject is DEMAND

A seemingly insatiable : ADJECTIVE MODIFIER

demand

for luxury apartments in New York: PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

A seemingly insatiable demand for luxury apartments in New York,


Demand is singular, so we need singular verb (has)

have caused land prices to soar and made



Verb: HAVE CAUSED ......(HAVE) MADE


is OA: D?

Reasoning:

created in large part by wealthy Europeans, ---> modifier

has caused land prices to soar --> contains main verb HAS caused

, making --> This is needed to represent cause effect relationship or it is representing the result of soaring land prices

Q4)A seemingly insatiable demand for luxury apartments in New York, created in large part by wealthy Europeans, have caused land prices to soar and made affordable housing projects nearly impossible in Manhattan.

A)created in large part by wealthy Europeans, have caused land prices to soar and made

Subject, demand, does not match verb, have.


B)has been created in large part by wealthy European, caused land prices to soar, and made

Hmm. This makes sense. A seemingly insatiable demand has ... been created ... caused land prices to soar, and made ...

That could be the answer, though what it says seems a little simple somehow. Going to keep for now.


C)the creation of which is in large part due to wealthy Europeans, have caused land prices to soar and made

This is awkward. the creation of which is in large part due to wealthy Europeans

Also the subject demand, does not match the verb, have.


D)created in large part by wealthy Europeans, has caused land prices to soar, making

Ah, now this one makes sense. The insatiable demand, created by Europeans, has caused land prices to soar, making...

The participle, or verb -ing modifier making..., because it is separated from the main clause by a comma, modifies the entire clause. So this is perfect. The demand has caused land prices to soar, and that entire situation has made affordable housing impossible.


E)in large part created by wealthy Europeans, causing land prices to soar and making

There is no verb here, and therefore no independent clause.


So, while technically there may not be anything wrong with B, D is clearly the most effective and best answer.