b is the correct answer but I selected E
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well said capnx.....capnx wrote:B makes the casual relationship stronger.
By doing A vs Doing A
By doing A, X does B. So X accomplishes B by doing A; A is almost required for B to happen.
IE: By studying hard, you beat the GMAT.
So you beat the GMAT because you studied hard.
Doing A, X does B. "Doing" is a participle phrase modifying X (or X's action) but there no direct relationship to B.
IE: Studying hard, you beat the GMAT.
So you beat the GMAT while studying hard, but "studying hard" may not be the cause of you beating the GMAT.
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