IMO D

This will help you:

Use LIKE before a noun or pronoun. Use AS before a clause, adverb or prepositional phrase.

In A and B the language used doesn't look simple, in C, LIKE is followed by THEY which is not the word that is being compared to MALE CHILDREN, E doesn't convey the complete meanin. Option D has everything right in place, AS followed by THEY DISCIPLINE.

Could you explain why "would" in e is not complete in meaning.

best regards.

D is parallel

that parents discipline male children as parents discipline daughters.

E is not

Use of 'would' adds uncertainity to the sentence, whereas in the original sentence the meaning is certain. 'parents discipline male children similarly to the fashion in which they discipline'

i picked D also, however the Kaplan verbal workbook says that the correct answer is E, because D changes the meaning...
I still believe D is the correct answer