ING form of the verb can act in two wasy: participle or gerunds
it can be used as a noun, a noun modifier or a verb modifier. it tends to indicate an ongoing action. for example
1) the tires were rolling (ongoing action) ---->participle
2) Jump on that swimming (noun modifier) pool (which type of pool: swimming pool while no body is doing an act of swimming)
3)hiking(noun) is great.---->(gerund)

when we use the Ing form of verb as a noun we call it Gerund. their are two types of gerunds: Simple and complex. simple gerunds can not be put in parallel to complex gerunds.

In the below example it act as Participle and remember that the word "Saying" is not showing a present moment.

Hi

I am sorry; I did not quite understand that. Is saying here a present participle modifying the previous clause and giving addition information or presenting the result of the clause? If so, why isn't there a comma before it? Or is it modifying a noun?

Thanks

Hi,

Here are the links you would like to go through
https://gmatclub.com/forum/usage-of-verb ... 35220.html
https://gmatclub.com/forum/verb-ing-modi ... 35567.html

Thank you,
Vivek.

In the given sentence "saying" should be preceded by a "comma" to convey the intended meaning.

"Comma + ING" construction is an adverbial modifier and there are two things that 'comma + ing' form does.

1> It modifies the entire clause preceding the comma

E.g. Children waited for the iceman, strolling in the garden.

It means that children waited for the iceman by strolling in the garden.

2> It expresses the result of the action performed in the preceding clause

E.g. Iceman arrived with his icecream van, ending children's wait.

It means that the act of iceman arriving led to the result of children's wait ending.

Note:
If there is no 'comma' before a present particle (-ing form of verb), the ing form modifies only the immediately preceding noun.

here "saying" is modifying Supreme court (noun). dont take the word "saying" as for present moment.

sana.noor wrote:here "saying" is modifying Supreme court (noun). dont take the word "saying" as for present moment.

How did the Supreme Court refuse to stay the screening?

By saying........

So the modifier should actual modify the way in which the supreme court refused.

Repeat post.

The Supreme Court refused to stay the screening SAYING---this saying is something that supreme court has said when it refused to stay the screening.
what about this sentence
NASA has refused the current proposal saying that the accurate tarcking of satelliete is important for the space agency