sc -- OPEC announced

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zoe: Master | Next Rank: 500 Posts; Posts: 121; Joined: Mon Apr 04, 2016 6:31 pm; Thanked: 1 times

by zoe » Thu Jul 14, 2016 10:07 pm

dear friends,

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) had long been expected to announce a reduction in output to bolster sagging oil prices, but officials of the organization just recently announced that the group will pare daily production by 1.5 million barrels by the beginning of next year, but only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were to trim output by a total of 500,000 barrels a day
A. year, but only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were to trim output
B. year, but only if the output of non-OPEC nations, which includes Norway, Mexico, and Russia, is trimmed
C. year only if the output of non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, would be trimmed
D. year only if non-OPEC nations, which includes Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were trimming output
E. year only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, trim output

anyone here can help clarify the difference between "which includes" and "including"

thanks a lot .

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Source: Beat The GMAT — Sentence Correction | Thu Jul 14, 2016 10:07 pm

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ceilidh.erickson: GMAT Instructor; Posts: 2095; Joined: Tue Dec 04, 2012 3:22 pmFollowed by: 247 members; Thanked: 1443 times

by ceilidh.erickson » Mon Jul 25, 2016 11:28 am

This question is #40 in OG 13/2015 (please always cite your sources).

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) had long been expected to announce a reduction in output to bolster sagging oil prices, but officials of the organization just recently announced that the group will pare daily production by 1.5 million barrels by the beginning of next year, but only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were to trim output by a total of 500,000 barrels a day

A. year, but only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were to trim output
B. year, but only if the output of non-OPEC nations, which includes Norway, Mexico, and Russia, is trimmed
C. year only if the output of non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, would be trimmed
D. year only if non-OPEC nations, which includes Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were trimming output
E. year only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, trim output

The relative pronoun "which" must always refer to the noun (or noun phrase) directly before it. In this context, a "which" modifying "non-OPEC nations" would be perfectly acceptable... except that answer choices B and D have subject/verb disagreement. "Which includes" is singular. In B, that would refer to "output"; in D, there is no singular subject for that verb.

Even if B and D we corrected to say "which include," though, there would be a meaning change:

only if non-OPEC nations, which include Norway, Mexico, and Russia... --> the "which" clause modifies "nations," telling us who these nations are. Norway, Mexico, and Russia are included in the group.

only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, trim output... --> "including" is an adverbial modifier, telling us that Norway, Mexico, and Russia are included in the action of trimming output.

Does that clarify?

Ceilidh Erickson
EdM in Mind, Brain, and Education
Harvard Graduate School of Education

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vinni.k: Master | Next Rank: 500 Posts; Posts: 421; Joined: Sun Apr 17, 2011 4:27 amFollowed by: 2 members; Location: India; Thanked: 6 times; GMAT Score:620

by vinni.k » Mon Jul 25, 2016 9:26 pm

A. If....were (incorrect because non-underlined part has "will" so we need present tense
B. Passive construction and "which" is not correct word used for this purpose so use "Ã¯ncluding"
C. If...would ("would" cannot be used with "if")
D. Same problem as A
E. If....trim (correct--> need present tense)

Thanks
Vinni

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zoe: Master | Next Rank: 500 Posts; Posts: 121; Joined: Mon Apr 04, 2016 6:31 pm; Thanked: 1 times

by zoe » Mon Jul 25, 2016 9:27 pm

ceilidh.erickson wrote:Even if B and D we corrected to say "which include," though, there would be a meaning change:

only if non-OPEC nations, which include Norway, Mexico, and Russia... --> the "which" clause modifies "nations," telling us who these nations are. Norway, Mexico, and Russia are included in the group.

only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, trim output... --> "including" is an adverbial modifier, telling us that Norway, Mexico, and Russia are included in the action of trimming output.

Does that clarify?

thanks so much ceilidh.
it seems a difficult for me to distinct these difference rapidly.

would you please give me more examples?

i read one thread in MAHATTAN forum, it mentions that you can view "including" as "such as"...i tried seems i am still confused it.

BTW, it is Q36 OG 16.

thanks a lot

have a nice day.

>_~

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