IMO A:

Remove the unnecessary modifiers form non underline part sentence will be more clear.

Max Weber claimed that the traditions that theodicean societies develop are more likely to result in religious adherence than are those that non-theodicean societies develop.

Hope this helps.

Any take on why E is wrong ?

I too picked E at first stance. I havent yet figured out why E is wrong .

I also thought it was E (still think so). any explanations why its wrong?

Why E is wrong.

2 things to identify here..
- traditions of theo societies must be parallel with traditions of non-theo societies. those refer to traditions
- that must be parallel.

Max Weber claimed that the traditions that theodicean societies develop are more likely to result in religious adherence than are those that non-theodicean societies develop.

Hence A is correct.

the problem with E is that "traditions of non-theodicean societies" --> of is used.
'of' is not parallel with 'that',

Hence E is wrong

Does replacing 'of' with 'that' makes E correct? No
--> "traditions that non-theodicean societies" --> it is ending abruptly, it should be followed by DEVELOP.

Comparison is between:

1. What traditions that theodicean societies develop are likely to result in
2. What traditions that non-theodicean societies develop are likely to result in

If E were to be the answer, the comparison would illogically be between:

1. What traditions that theodicean societies develop are likely to result in
2. Traditions of non-theodicean societies

In some ways, E also subtly changes the meaning too, since "traditions that non-theodicean societies develop" (the intended meaning) is not the same as "traditions of non-theodicean societies" (as depicted in E).

Lastly, this is what A correctly says:

Max Weber claimed that the traditions that theodicean societies, civilizations in which people feel a need to reconcile the imperfections of the world with a "perfect" divinity, develop are more likely to result in religious adherence than those (traditions) that non-theodicean societies develop are (likely to result in).