There are really many uses of these two structures.

"Which" can refer not only to a noun, but also to a whole of a previous clause. "What,""that,"and "how" cannot be used in this way.
e.g. He got married again a year later, which surprised everybody.
She cycled from London to Glasgow, which is pretty good for a woman of 75.

Kasia@MasterGMAT wrote:There are really many uses of these two structures.

"Which" can refer not only to a noun, but also to a whole of a previous clause. "What,""that,"and "how" cannot be used in this way.
e.g. He got married again a year later, which surprised everybody.
She cycled from London to Glasgow, which is pretty good for a woman of 75.

But Ron stated here that "Which" cannot refer to a whole clause.

https://www.beatthegmat.com/poikilotherm ... tml#467036

Thanks,
Avik

Thanks for the replies.

So, it appears to be a debate whether which has to be preceded by a noun clause or a verb clause? MGMAT SC states clearly that which has to be preceded by a noun clause.

When do we use a participle? i.e., resulting vs which results..

On the GMAT, "which" always refers to a noun.

The use of a relative clause depends on what it being modified. In your examples with the minister, it would depend on what the "result" is. If the result is something caused by the spectrum scam, we could use a relative clause to indicate that:

The minister has been indicted in the spectrum scam, which resulted in a loss of several billion dollars.

If we're trying to refer to the minister from the end of the sentence, then we must use a participial phrase to do so.