Networks of blood vessels in bats' wings serve only to disperse heat generated in flight. This heat is generated only because bats flap their wings. Thus paleontologists' recent discovery that the winged dinosaur Sandactylus had similar networks of blood vessels in the skin of its wings provides evidence for the hypothesis that Sandactylus flew by flapping its wings, not just by gliding.
The argument in the passage relies on which of the following assumptions?
(A) Sandactylus would not have had networks of blood vessels in the skin of its wings if these networks were of no use to Sandactylus.
(B) All creatures that fly by flapping their wings have networks of blood vessels in the skin of their wings.
(C) Winged dinosaurs that flaped their wings in flight would have been able to fly more effectively than winged dinosaurs that could only glide.
(D) If Sandactylus flew by flapping its wings, then paleontologists would certainly be able to find some evidence that it did so.
(E) Heat generated by Sandactylus in flapping its wings in flight could not have been dispersed by anything other than the blood vessels in its wings.
Premises:
The blood vessels in a bat's wings serve only one purpose: to disperse the heat generated by flapping.
The wings of Sandactylus had similar networks of blood vessels.
Conclusion:
Sandactylus must have flapped its wings.
The assumption is WHAT MUST BE TRUE for the conclusion to be valid.
Apply the NEGATION TEST.
When the correct answer choice is negated, the conclusion will be invalidated.
Answer choice
A, negated:
Sandactylus would have had networks of blood vessels in the skin of its wings EVEN IF THESE NETWORKS WERE OF NO USE to Sandactylus.
If the networks of blood vessels were OF NO USE to Sandactylus, then the argument CANNOT conclude that these networks are evidence of wing-flapping.
Since the negation of
A invalidates the conclusion, answer choice
A is the necessary assumption: WHAT MUST BE TRUE for the conclusion to be valid.
The correct answer is
A.
Answer choice E, negated:
Heat generated by Sandactylus in flapping its wings in flight could have been dispersed by something other than the blood vessels in its wings.
The negation of E suggests that Sandactylus could have dispersed the heat from wing-flapping in any number of ways, STRENGTHENING the conclusion that Sandactylus flapped its wings.
Since the negation of E does not invalidate the conclusion, eliminate E.
Private tutor exclusively for the GMAT and GRE, with over 20 years of experience.
Followed here and elsewhere by over 1900 test-takers.
I have worked with students based in the US, Australia, Taiwan, China, Tajikistan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia -- a long list of countries.
My students have been admitted to HBS, CBS, Tuck, Yale, Stern, Fuqua -- a long list of top programs.
As a tutor, I don't simply teach you how I would approach problems.
I unlock the best way for YOU to solve problems.
For more information, please email me (Mitch Hunt) at
[email protected].
Student Review #1
Student Review #2
Student Review #3