When you read the sentence as follows, choice E makes sense

Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Dickinson outnumber her letters to anyone

as opposed to

Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Dickinson outnumbering her letters to anyone

which makes no sense

Thanks e-GMAT for your detailed response.

@sl750, I do not think that your explanation is correct. Please do not mind my saying so...We cannot just omit the rest of the sentence between Dickinson and outnumbering - this part includes the main verb - were written - and say that this sentence does not mean anything. Also, please note that there is a comma that separates out outnumbering...

Payal i read somewhere that comma + -ing modifiers could not only be used to signify qa cause - effect scenario but also be used to provide further information on the preceding clause .

As is conveyed by your example
Joe killed the snake , using the stick.
Using the stick is not an effect of the preceding clause but a means to killing the snake .
Could you please clarify

When gmat makes us choose between COMMA DOING and AND DO, remember, COMMA DOING shows that this action is in relation, not necessary, causal relation with the the action of previous clause. AND DO shows that this action is separate from previous action. What is logic would be correct choice.

Hi e-GMAT Instructor,

I have an issue relating to the Verb ING Modifier in the sentence below; Option A is considered wrong and it was mentioned in the explanation that believing after the comma is referring to Managers. But from what I understand the ING vERB modifies the entire clause/subject and not the noun before the ING - verb and thus should have modified Career Switchers. This is not the case in option A. Do please share your thoughts.

Career switchers often schedule interviews with high-level managers, believing that the insight of professionals will help narrow down the many choices of careers available to graduating MBAs.
a) Same as above
B) Career Switchers, beliveing that the insight of professionals will help narrow down the many choices of careers avialable to graduating MBAs, often schedule interviews with high level managers
c) career switchers believind that scheduling interviews with the insight of high level prossional managers will help narrow down the many choices of careers availbale to graduating MBAS.
d)career switchers, believing that interviews with high level managers whose insight will help narrow down the many choices of careers available to hraduating MBAs, often schedule them
e) Career switchers often schedule intervies to narrow down the many choices of careers availableto graducating MBAs, believing that the insight of professionals with high level managers will help them