Live GMAT classes with Target Test Prep start Nov 21 and Nov 22. First class free.

See classes
Target Test Prep · GMAT

Choose how you want to prepare

Learn live with an expert or move at your own pace. Every option includes the complete TTP study system.

Newsweek Readers’ Choice Awards 2026 winner: Target Test Prep, #1 Test Prep

Target Test Prep was voted #1 Best Test Prep in the 2026 Newsweek Readers’ Choice™ Awards.

★★★★★5.0563 reviews
GMATLiveTeachStarts Nov 22
Josh Braslow, Target Test Prep GMAT expert
LIVE ONLINE CLASSES

Get Ready for GMAT Test Day Faster with Live Online Classes

with Josh Braslow, 20+ years in test prep

Nov 22 · Josh Braslow
Sun · 9:30 AM to 12:30 PM ET
Included
40 hours of live online classes + 6 months of TTP OnDemand
  • Attend the first class for free
  • Every class is recorded, so you never fall behind
View classes & enroll
Limited seats availableTarget Test Prep
EALiveTeachOnDemandStart anytime
EXECUTIVE ASSESSMENT

Target Test Prep EA OnDemand

Self-paced EA prep. Study on your schedule.

EXECUTIVE ASSESSMENT

with

165+ EA score guarantee
$05-day trial no automatic billing
Schedule
Included
40 hours of live online classes plus six months of access to the complete TTP EA OnDemand course.
  • 165+ EA Score Guarantee
  • 4,100+ Quant, Verbal, and Integrated Reasoning practice questions
  • 400+ hours of in-depth video lessons
  • 3,000+ step-by-step video solutions
View EA class & enroll Start free 5-day trial
Limited cohort · enrollment openTrial includes full course accessTarget Test Prep
GMATOnDemandStart anytime
SELF-PACED MASTERCLASS

Target Test Prep GMAT OnDemand

Complete access from day one. Study on your schedule.

715+ score guarantee
$0to start then $127/mo
  • Personalized study plan and analytics
  • Thousands of lessons and practice questions

liming

Expert replies
by siddhu161 » Fri Jan 24, 2014 9:39 pm
In the ruins of the city-state of Assur, in Ancient Assyria, archaeologists found dried goatskin dating back 3800 years. Analysis of the goatskins showed that they had an unusual pH level that was no lower than that of the calcium carbonate mixture produced by grinding cowrie shells, the most common seashells found on the shore of the Tigris river that runs through Assur. Some believe that this is evidence the Assyrians engaged in the practice of "liming" animal skins: soaking them in alkaline solutions made from crushed seashells in order to create parchment that could be traded with nearby civilizations.

Which of the following, if true, would, together with the information above, provide the best evidence for the claim that the dried goatskins are evidence that the Assyrians engaged in the practice of "liming" animal skins?

1. The calcium carbonate from the cowrie shell is the most common chemical used in modern-day "liming" of parchment and leather.

2. Apart from the Assur discovery, there is reliable evidence that some ancient civilizations, such as the Babylonians, practiced "liming."

3. The goatskins were found in huts that contained equipment known to have been used by Assyrian tradesmen and chemists.

4. Calcium carbonate mixtures of different concentrations can produce a wide range of pH levels in alkaline solutions.

5. Archaeologists matched the goatskins to goat skeletons found on the outskirts of Assur on the banks of the Tigris River.

Could this be real GMAT question? Have 2 answers C and E short-listed. Neither is convincing.
Please help.
Join the discussion
Source: — Critical Reasoning |

by GMATGuruNY » Sun Jan 26, 2014 4:02 am
siddhu161 wrote:In the ruins of the city-state of Assur, in Ancient Assyria, archaeologists found dried goatskin dating back 3800 years. Analysis of the goatskins showed that they had an unusual pH level that was no lower than that of the calcium carbonate mixture produced by grinding cowrie shells, the most common seashells found on the shore of the Tigris river that runs through Assur. Some believe that this is evidence the Assyrians engaged in the practice of "liming" animal skins: soaking them in alkaline solutions made from crushed seashells in order to create parchment that could be traded with nearby civilizations.

Which of the following, if true, would, together with the information above, provide the best evidence for the claim that the dried goatskins are evidence that the Assyrians engaged in the practice of "liming" animal skins?

1. The calcium carbonate from the cowrie shell is the most common chemical used in modern-day "liming" of parchment and leather.

2. Apart from the Assur discovery, there is reliable evidence that some ancient civilizations, such as the Babylonians, practiced "liming."

3. The goatskins were found in huts that contained equipment known to have been used by Assyrian tradesmen and chemists.

4. Calcium carbonate mixtures of different concentrations can produce a wide range of pH levels in alkaline solutions.

5. Archaeologists matched the goatskins to goat skeletons found on the outskirts of Assur on the banks of the Tigris River.

Could this be real GMAT question? Have 2 answers C and E short-listed. Neither is convincing.
Please help.
Premise: The ph of GOATSKINS found in Assur is no lower than that of ground seashells.
Conclusion: By soaking the goatskins in ALKALINE SOLUTIONS made from ground seashells, Assyrians PRODUCED PAPER that could be TRADED with nearby civilizations.

The correct answer choice must strengthen the assumption that the GOATSKINS found in Assur are linked to ALKALINE SOLUTIONS, PAPER PRODUCTION, and TRADE.

Answer choice C: The goatskins were found in huts that contained equipment known to have been used by Assyrian tradesmen and chemists.
This answer choice supports the assumption that the goatskins are linked to TRADE and to ALKALINE SOLUTIONS.

The correct answer is C.

Answer choice E: Archaeologists matched the goatskins to goat skeletons found on the outskirts of Assur on the banks of the Tigris River.
This answer choice strengthens the PREMISE that the goatskins were found in Assur.
A premise is a FACT not in dispute; it does not need to be strengthened.
Eliminate E.
The correct answer choice must strengthen the LINK between the premise and the conclusion.
Private tutor exclusively for the GMAT and GRE, with over 20 years of experience.
Followed here and elsewhere by over 1900 test-takers.
I have worked with students based in the US, Australia, Taiwan, China, Tajikistan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia -- a long list of countries.
My students have been admitted to HBS, CBS, Tuck, Yale, Stern, Fuqua -- a long list of top programs.

As a tutor, I don't simply teach you how I would approach problems.
I unlock the best way for YOU to solve problems.

For more information, please email me (Mitch Hunt) at [email protected].
Student Review #1
Student Review #2
Student Review #3
Join the discussion