A and B can be rejected by usage of AND as the Low birthrate can be attributed to Complication in Pregnancy.

Discard E as ", + ING" then the Ing verb modifies the preceding clause. Here complicating usage is wrong.

Between C and D, D explains how the complication of pregnancy is prevalent (usage of BY) but C complicating tries to modify "can complicate pregnancy" which not a clause also.

"Including" is correct here.
Best video explanation by Ron here
https://vimeo.com/15391844

SmarpanGamt wrote: Is it correct to use participial (including .....) in the non underline sentence. Isn't it modifying Surgeons Generals, but seems lung diseases? Explain your Pick OA [spoiler](D).[/spoiler]

This is an atypical usage of including where including is used in the sense of a preposition and not strictly as a participle.

Thanks.

Can any one let me know what is the prob wid C..

I can understand that D is best between C & D.. But just want to know isn't increasing modifies can complicate pregnancy.


Thanks
Gautam

gsinghal wrote:Can any one let me know what is the prob wid C..

I can understand that D is best between C & D.. But just want to know isn't increasing modifies can complicate pregnancy.


Thanks
Gautam

I suppose you could argue that "increasing . . ." is in apposition, but because a participle can either modify an adjacent noun OR modify some earlier section of the sentence, a prepositional phrase is clearer and more desirable.

"Increasing" cannot modify a verb phrase specifically, though, because participles are verbal adjectives, and adjectives can only modify nouns and noun phrases (or things acting as noun phrases).

For decades Surgeon Generals have warned that smoking increases the risk of lung diseases, including lung cancer and emphysema, and can complicate pregnancy, and increases the risk of low birth weight.

(A)can complicate pregnancy, and increases the risk of low birth weight
(B)can complicate pregnancy, and increases low birth weight risks
(C)can complicate pregnancy, increasing the risks of low birth weight
(D)can complicate pregnancy by increasing the risks of low birth weight
(E)complicating pregnancy by increasing the risks of low birth weight

I think u should read the sentence in the following way for "ing" word after comma

ing verb modifies the preceding clause or phrase, over here the preceding part is smoking increases the risk of lung diseases, including lung cancer and emphysema, and can complicate pregnancy. Now if u see option C then

smoking increases the risk of lung diseases,[including lung cancer and emphysema] ,and can complicate pregnancy, increasing the risks of low birth weight

leave part in Red because thats additional information, so the sentence which you would read now is

smoking increases the risk of lung diseases ,and can complicate pregnancy, increasing the risks of low birth weight --------> the sentence becomes awkward

therefore, C is wrong

Jim@Grockit wrote:

gsinghal wrote:Can any one let me know what is the prob wid C..

I can understand that D is best between C & D.. But just want to know isn't increasing modifies can complicate pregnancy.


Thanks
Gautam

I suppose you could argue that "increasing . . ." is in apposition, but because a participle can either modify an adjacent noun OR modify some earlier section of the sentence, a prepositional phrase is clearer and more desirable.

"Increasing" cannot modify a verb phrase specifically, though, because participles are verbal adjectives, and adjectives can only modify nouns and noun phrases (or things acting as noun phrases).

Hi Jim , why is c incorrect ? Of the 2 two options C and D , why is D better ?