Sentence Correction

But when it is a non-essential modifier, it functions same as adjective modifier ? My understanding is YES from readon on the forum. But the book "Doing grammar" refers to it as an adverial modifier .The book bezing a standard grammar book, I am lost what to follow.

Example from the book :
Three senators reversed their vote on the controversial tax bill,prodded by public opnion .
Prodded by public opnion , Three senators reversed their vote on the controversial tax bill.
Three senators ,prodded by public opnion ,reversed their vote on the controversial tax bill.

Target2009 wrote:OG10-31 Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, there is a disinclination on the part of many people to recognize the degree to which their analytical skills are weak.
(A) Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, there is a disinclination on the part of many people to recognize the degree to which their analytical skills are weak.
(B) Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, which they admit they lack, many people are disinclined to recognize that their analytical skills are weak.
(C) Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, analytical skills bring out a disinclination in many people to recognize that they are weak to a degree.
(D) Many people, willing to admit that they lack computer skills or other technical skills, are disinclined to recognize that their analytical skills are weak.
(E) Many people have a disinclination to recognize the weakness of their analytical skills while willing to admit their lack of computer skills or other technical skills.

Why (D) is correct. As i understood here , ing- modifier usually modify Clause and here it is modifying Many people a noun.

nafiul9090 wrote:at first i didnt understand the explanation of OG. now its clear. here spawned modifies the object that is giant fungus and extending modifies the subject giant fungus.....isnt the case??


regards nafi

vishwjeet wrote:Here is another old question,

Marconi's conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it is precisely the opposite, a tool for communication with a large, public audience.

(A) Marconi's conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it is
(B) Marconi conceived of the radio as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, but which is
(C) Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the telephone; instead, it has become
(D) Marconi conceived of the radio to be a tool for private conversation, a substitute for the telephone, which has become
(E) Marconi conceived of the radio to be a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, other than what it is,

the answer is C

Does "that ..." acts as a modifier? If yes than what are the rules followed? What is the portion marked in bold in C modifying? Can anyone help? I always thought that "that ..." is a restrictive clause and should immediately follow the object which it describes, so as per me conversation is being described as a substitute for the telephone in C.