HAVE BEEN or ARE -- PR Test CAT 3

mmslf75 wrote:PR test CAT 3 SC

Why to use [spoiler]HAVE BEEN here ??[/spoiler]


Because the Supreme Court has ruled that the prosecution in a job discrimination case must prove not only that the employer lied about the reasons for dismissal but also that those reasons were discriminatory, plaintiffs in such cases fear that they will have no higher court that they can appeal to when their cases are decided in lower courts.

OA is B

a that they can appeal to when their cases are

b to which to appeal after their cases have been

c for appealing if their case has been

d to which they can appeal if their case is

e that their cases can appeal, if they have been

kvitkod wrote:Why A is wrong here?

viidyasagar wrote:

mmslf75 wrote:PR test CAT 3 SC

Why to use [spoiler]HAVE BEEN here ??[/spoiler]


Because the Supreme Court has ruled that the prosecution in a job discrimination case must prove not only that the employer lied about the reasons for dismissal but also that those reasons were discriminatory, plaintiffs in such cases fear that they will have no higher court that they can appeal to when their cases are decided in lower courts.

WHY A IS WRONG. PLEASE HELP

OA is B

a that they can appeal to when their cases are

b to which to appeal after their cases have been

c for appealing if their case has been

d to which they can appeal if their case is

e that their cases can appeal, if they have been

Why "have been" in this sentence?? Simple answer - Passive tone of the sentence....

"lower courts" decide, hence passive tone is a must. generally the word "by" gives away the passive nature, but here "in" is smartly worded to make that discovery tough.

Note that "Have been" is also used in a present perfect continuous (progressive) context - when some action started in the past and is still continuing in the present. for e.g. - I have been trying to score an 800 in the GMAT since 2007....

Another context for "have been" is when we describe an experience. "i have been to Dubai twice"..here "been" substitutes "visited"...this is also present perfect....but not exactly an action that started in the past and is still continuing in the present but an action that started in the past but is still relevant today.

So we have 3 main contexts for "have been"..this example tests the 1st.

Hope that helps
Vidya

P.S. I remember Stacey's explanation on the present/ past perfect a while ago. it would be worthwhile to search up