Ok IMO A
You can bring down the answer choices to A and C.
D & E are out because 'the number' is singluar so you cannot use 'many'.
B is out because doubling 'that of the increase'. Your doubling the increase so what is the 'that' refering to.
Between C and A,
Doubling is a verb. Double is a noun.
Since your doing something to the increase of previous year (ie doubling it), you need the verb form.
Plus I think the idiom is twice as much as, not double as much as.
But my main confusion is twice vs double. When do you choose what. In this question you could easily eliminate the twice options, what about questions where you cannot eliminate.
If someone could shed some light on this difference it would be nice
