Excess inventory, a massive problem for many busi
nesses, has several causes, some of which are unavoidable.
Overstocks may accumulate through production overruns or
Line errors. Certain styles and colors prove unpopular. With
(5) some products --computers and software, toys, and
books - last year's models are difficult to move even at
huge discounts. Occasionally the competition introduces a
better prduct. But in many cases the public's buying tastes
simply change, leaving a manufacturer or distributor with
(10) thousands (or millions) of items that the fickle public no
longer wants.
One common way to dispose of this merchandise is to
sell it to a liquidator, who buys as cheaply as possible and
then resells the merchandise through catalogs, discount
(15) stores, and other outlets. However, liquidators may pay less
for the merchandise than it cost to make it. Another way to
dispose of excess inventory is to dump it. The corporation
takes a straight cost write-off on its taxes and hauls
the merchandise to a landfill. Although it is hard to believe,
(20) there is a sort of convoluted logic to this approach. It is
perfectly legal, requires little time or preparation on the
company's part, and solves the problem quickly. The draw-
back is the remote possibility of getting caught by the news
media. Dumping perfectly useful products can turn into a
(25) public relations nightmare. Children living in poverty are
freezing and XYZ Company has just sent 500 new snow-
suits to the local dump. Parents of young children are
barely getting by and QRS Company dumps 1,000 cases of
disposable diapers because they have slight imperfections.
(30) The managers of these companies are not deliberately
wasteful; they are simply unaware of all their alternatives.
In 1976 the Internal Revenue Service provided a tangible
incentive for businesses to contribute their products to char-
ity. The new tax law allowed corporations to deduct the
(35) cost of the product donated plus half the difference
between cost and fair market selling price, with the proviso
that deductions cannot exceed twice cost. Thus, the federal
government sanctions -indeed, encourages - and above-cost
federal tax deduction for companies that donate inventory
to charity.
1. The author mentions each of the following as a cause of excess inventory EXCEPT
(A) production of too much merchandise
(B) inaccurate forecasting of buyers' preferences
(C) unrealistic pricing policies
(D) products' rapid obsolescence
(E) availability of a better product
2. The passage suggests that which of the following is a kind of product that a liquidator who sells to discount stores would be unlikely to wish to acquire?
(A) Furniture
(B) Computers
(C) Kitchen equipment
(D) Baby-care products
(E) Children's clothing
3. The passage provides information that supports which of the following statements?
(A) Excess inventory results most often from insufficient market analysis by the manufacturer.
(B) Products with slight manufacturing defects may contribute to excess inventory.
(C) Few manufacturers have taken advantage of the changes in the federal tax laws.
(D) Manufacturers who dump their excess inventory are often caught and exposed by the news media.
(E) Most products available in discount stores have come from manufacturer's excess-inventory stock.
4. The author cites the examples in lines 25-29 most probably in order to illustrate
(A) the fiscal irresponsibility of dumping as a policy for dealing with excess inventory
(B) the waste-management problems that dumping new products creates
(C) the advantages to the manufacturer of dumping as a policy
(D) alternatives to dumping explored by different companies
(E) how the news media could portray dumping to the detriment of the manufacturer's reputation
5. By asserting that manufacturers "are simply unaware" (line 31), the author suggests which of the following?
(A) Manufacturers might donate excess inventory to charity rather than dump it if they knew about the provision in the federal tax code.
(B) The federal government has failed to provide sufficient encouragement to manufacturers to make use of advantageous tax policies.
(C) Manufacturers who choose to dump excess inventory are not aware of the possible effects on their reputation of media coverage of such dumping.
(D) The manufacturers of products disposed of by dumping are unaware of the needs of those people who would find the products useful.
(E) The manufacturers who dump their excess inventory are not familiar with the employment of liquidators to dispose of overstock.
[spoiler]OA: C,B,B,E,A[/spoiler]
nesses, has several causes, some of which are unavoidable.
Overstocks may accumulate through production overruns or
Line errors. Certain styles and colors prove unpopular. With
(5) some products --computers and software, toys, and
books - last year's models are difficult to move even at
huge discounts. Occasionally the competition introduces a
better prduct. But in many cases the public's buying tastes
simply change, leaving a manufacturer or distributor with
(10) thousands (or millions) of items that the fickle public no
longer wants.
One common way to dispose of this merchandise is to
sell it to a liquidator, who buys as cheaply as possible and
then resells the merchandise through catalogs, discount
(15) stores, and other outlets. However, liquidators may pay less
for the merchandise than it cost to make it. Another way to
dispose of excess inventory is to dump it. The corporation
takes a straight cost write-off on its taxes and hauls
the merchandise to a landfill. Although it is hard to believe,
(20) there is a sort of convoluted logic to this approach. It is
perfectly legal, requires little time or preparation on the
company's part, and solves the problem quickly. The draw-
back is the remote possibility of getting caught by the news
media. Dumping perfectly useful products can turn into a
(25) public relations nightmare. Children living in poverty are
freezing and XYZ Company has just sent 500 new snow-
suits to the local dump. Parents of young children are
barely getting by and QRS Company dumps 1,000 cases of
disposable diapers because they have slight imperfections.
(30) The managers of these companies are not deliberately
wasteful; they are simply unaware of all their alternatives.
In 1976 the Internal Revenue Service provided a tangible
incentive for businesses to contribute their products to char-
ity. The new tax law allowed corporations to deduct the
(35) cost of the product donated plus half the difference
between cost and fair market selling price, with the proviso
that deductions cannot exceed twice cost. Thus, the federal
government sanctions -indeed, encourages - and above-cost
federal tax deduction for companies that donate inventory
to charity.
1. The author mentions each of the following as a cause of excess inventory EXCEPT
(A) production of too much merchandise
(B) inaccurate forecasting of buyers' preferences
(C) unrealistic pricing policies
(D) products' rapid obsolescence
(E) availability of a better product
2. The passage suggests that which of the following is a kind of product that a liquidator who sells to discount stores would be unlikely to wish to acquire?
(A) Furniture
(B) Computers
(C) Kitchen equipment
(D) Baby-care products
(E) Children's clothing
3. The passage provides information that supports which of the following statements?
(A) Excess inventory results most often from insufficient market analysis by the manufacturer.
(B) Products with slight manufacturing defects may contribute to excess inventory.
(C) Few manufacturers have taken advantage of the changes in the federal tax laws.
(D) Manufacturers who dump their excess inventory are often caught and exposed by the news media.
(E) Most products available in discount stores have come from manufacturer's excess-inventory stock.
4. The author cites the examples in lines 25-29 most probably in order to illustrate
(A) the fiscal irresponsibility of dumping as a policy for dealing with excess inventory
(B) the waste-management problems that dumping new products creates
(C) the advantages to the manufacturer of dumping as a policy
(D) alternatives to dumping explored by different companies
(E) how the news media could portray dumping to the detriment of the manufacturer's reputation
5. By asserting that manufacturers "are simply unaware" (line 31), the author suggests which of the following?
(A) Manufacturers might donate excess inventory to charity rather than dump it if they knew about the provision in the federal tax code.
(B) The federal government has failed to provide sufficient encouragement to manufacturers to make use of advantageous tax policies.
(C) Manufacturers who choose to dump excess inventory are not aware of the possible effects on their reputation of media coverage of such dumping.
(D) The manufacturers of products disposed of by dumping are unaware of the needs of those people who would find the products useful.
(E) The manufacturers who dump their excess inventory are not familiar with the employment of liquidators to dispose of overstock.
[spoiler]OA: C,B,B,E,A[/spoiler]
