Some modern anthropologists hold that biological evolution has shaped not only human morphology but also human behavior. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints-ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. Our "frailties"-emotions and motives such as rage, fear, greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love-may be a very mixed assortment, but they share at least one immediate quality: we are, as we say, "in the grip" of them. And thus they give us our sense of constraints.
Unhappily, some of those frailties-our need for ever-increasing security among them-are presently maladaptive. Yet beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction, and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes. We would need to comprehend thoroughly their adaptive origins in order to understand how badly they guide us now. And we might then begin to resist their pressure.
11. The author is primarily concerned with:
A. presenting an overview of those human emotions and motives that impose constraints on human behavior
B. outlining a new claim about foundations of human behavior with a special focus on maladaptive frailties and defending their origins
C. detailing those human frailties that give us a sense of our constraints and presenting the outcome of such constricting behaviors
D. summarizing a position on human frailties and presenting his own stance
E. suggesting ways to deal with a problem and predicting eventual consequences of not doing so
12. In his discussion of maladaptive frailties the author assumes that
A. evolution does not favor the emergence of adaptive characteristics over the emergence of maladaptive ones
B. any structure or behavior not positively adaptive is regarded as transitory in evolutionary theory
C. maladaptive characteristics, once fixed, make the emergence of other maladaptive characteristics more likely
D. the designation of a characteristic as being maladaptive must always remain highly tentative
E. changes in the total human environment can outpace evolutionary change
Unhappily, some of those frailties-our need for ever-increasing security among them-are presently maladaptive. Yet beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction, and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes. We would need to comprehend thoroughly their adaptive origins in order to understand how badly they guide us now. And we might then begin to resist their pressure.
11. The author is primarily concerned with:
A. presenting an overview of those human emotions and motives that impose constraints on human behavior
B. outlining a new claim about foundations of human behavior with a special focus on maladaptive frailties and defending their origins
C. detailing those human frailties that give us a sense of our constraints and presenting the outcome of such constricting behaviors
D. summarizing a position on human frailties and presenting his own stance
E. suggesting ways to deal with a problem and predicting eventual consequences of not doing so
12. In his discussion of maladaptive frailties the author assumes that
A. evolution does not favor the emergence of adaptive characteristics over the emergence of maladaptive ones
B. any structure or behavior not positively adaptive is regarded as transitory in evolutionary theory
C. maladaptive characteristics, once fixed, make the emergence of other maladaptive characteristics more likely
D. the designation of a characteristic as being maladaptive must always remain highly tentative
E. changes in the total human environment can outpace evolutionary change
