Because of the enormous research and development expenditures required to survive in the electronics industry, an industry marked by rapid innovation and volatile demand, such firms tend to be very large.

First let us eliminate

Such firms indicate the answer should include firms
so we can eliminate
A,C,D

Between B and D

Because of the enormous research and development expenditures required of firms to survive
Because of the enormous research and development expenditures required for firms to survive

Here required of firms indicate that firms will have to plan and arrange
REquired for firms is incorrect since it is not mentioned who will arrange for money
so the correct answer is B

The first clause is acting as a modifier, so that clause technically doesn't need to have the subject in it. I would choose A. I think the idiom is required to.

you need firms in the answer since the sentence says such firms.
Band E.
required of..to..is better than
required for ...
hence B

I will go with 'E'. Here is my explanation:

(A) to survive (Required alone should be used as in 'required for'. Required to should only be used in 'Require X to do Y' kind of phrases).

(B) of firms to survive (Required of is weird)

(C) for surviving (Survival is better than surviving. So eliminate this choice.)

(D) for survival (There has to be a 'firm' in the underlined section as the next portion refers to 'such firms')

(E) for firms' survival (correct)

What is the OA?

sarthak wrote:Because of the enormous research and development expenditures required to survive in the electronics industry, an industry marked by rapid innovation and volatile demand, such firms tend to be very large.

(A) to survive

(B) of firms to survive

(C) for surviving

(D) for survival

(E) for firms' survival

OA later

IMO E is correct. for firms' survival establishes direct relationship with such firms tend to be very large. Can we have OA pls.

Sentense uses 'such firms'. Since there is no reference to 'such' we need 'firms' to come in the first part. B & E only have 'firms' word in them. E is not correct because it says 'firm's survival'. here survival is subject and not firm. Therefore, E is wrong and B is correct.

sarthak wrote:Because of the enormous research and development expenditures required to survive in the electronics industry, an industry marked by rapid innovation and volatile demand, such firms tend to be very large.

(A) to survive

(B) of firms to survive

(C) for surviving

(D) for survival

(E) for firms' survival

OA later

Great explanation, Reply2spg!

I am damn confused...should it be required by or required of ?

somebody, please confirm !!

reply2spg wrote:Sentense uses 'such firms'. Since there is no reference to 'such' we need 'firms' to come in the first part. B & E only have 'firms' word in them. E is not correct because it says 'firm's survival'. here survival is subject and not firm. Therefore, E is wrong and B is correct.

sarthak wrote:Because of the enormous research and development expenditures required to survive in the electronics industry, an industry marked by rapid innovation and volatile demand, such firms tend to be very large.

(A) to survive

(B) of firms to survive

(C) for surviving

(D) for survival

(E) for firms' survival

OA later