Parallelism

[Uva@90]

Hi,

Contemporary cognitive scientists maintain that emotions, which are biological functions, evolved in the nervous system to help animals survive in the hostile environment and procreate, and feelings are products of the conscious mind, reflecting the interpretation of emotions.

A) procreate, and feelings are products of the conscious mind, reflecting.
B) procreate, and that feelings,as products of the conscious mind, reflecting.
c) procreate, and that feelings,which are products of the conscious mind, reflect.
D) to procreate, and feelings are products of the conscious mind, which reflect.
E) to procreate, and that feelings,which are products of the conscious mind, reflecting.

OA : C

Thanks in advance.
Regards,
Uva.

[GMATGuruNY]

Hi,

Contemporary cognitive scientists maintain that emotions, which are biological functions, evolved in the nervous system to help animals survive in the hostile environment and procreate, and feelings are products of the conscious mind, reflecting the interpretation of emotions.

A) procreate, and feelings are products of the conscious mind, reflecting.
B) procreate, and that feelings,as products of the conscious mind, reflecting.
c) procreate, and that feelings,which are products of the conscious mind, reflect.
D) to procreate, and feelings are products of the conscious mind, which reflect.
E) to procreate, and that feelings,which are products of the conscious mind, reflecting.

OA : C

Thanks in advance.
Regards,
Uva.

A and D: scientists maintain...and feelings are products...
Here, a reader might construe that the two clauses -- scientist maintain and feelings are products -- represent two distinct actions.
Not the intended meaning.
To make it clear that the second clause is a continuation of the first, the word that is needed:
Scientists maintain...THAT feelings reflect the interpretation of emotions.
Eliminate A and D.

B and E: that feelings...reflecting the interpretation of emotions.
Here, reflecting serves as an ADJECTIVE.
Thus, the subject of the that-clause (feelings) lacks a verb.
Eliminate B and E.

The correct answer is C.

[Uva@90]

A and D: scientists maintain...and feelings are products...
Here, a reader might construe that the two clauses -- scientist maintain and feelings are products -- represent two distinct actions.
Not the intended meaning.
To make it clear that the second clause is a continuation of the first, the word that is needed:
Scientists maintain...THAT feelings reflect the interpretation of emotions.
Eliminate A and D.

B and E: that feelings...reflecting the interpretation of emotions.
Here, reflecting serves as an ADJECTIVE.
Thus, the subject of the that-clause (feelings) lacks a verb.
Eliminate B and E.

The correct answer is C.

Hi Mitch,
Thanks for your reply,
Could you please explain in more about how you eliminated option B and E?

Thanks,
Regards,
Uva.

[bubbliiiiiiii]

Just trying to help. Mitch please review and advice, if wrong.

Let first understand the framework of the sentence:

Contemporary cognitive scientists
maintain

that emotions, which are biological functions, evolved in the nervous system to help animals survive in the hostile environment and procreate,

and

that feelings are products of the conscious mind, reflecting the interpretation of emotions.

Idiom followed is that X and that Y where X is a sentence and Y is a run on sentence.

To make X and Y parallel, both should be either run-on sentences or complete sentences.

Thus, we should make Y a complete sentence.

In B and E, Since 'reflecting' preceeds a modifier, it modifies the subject of preceeding sentence (feeling in this case) and lacks a verb, making it a run on sentence.

C corrects it by changing reflecting (adjective) to reflects (verb), making X and Y parallel.

Hope it helps.

[GMATGuruNY]

Hi Mitch,
Thanks for your reply,
Could you please explain in more about how you eliminated option B and E?

Thanks,
Regards,
Uva.

B: Scientists maintain that emotions, which are biological functions, evolved in the nervous system to help animals survive in the hostile environment and procreate and that feelings, as products of the conscious mind, reflecting the interpretation of emotions.

E: Scientists maintain that emotions, which are biological functions, evolved in the nervous system to help animals survive in the hostile environment and procreate and that feelings, which are products of the conscious mind, reflecting the interpretation of emotions.

The red portions above are all modifiers.
If we remove these modifiers, we get the core of B and E:
Scientists maintain that emotions EVOLVED in the nervous system and that feelings REFLECTING the interpretation of emotions.

Here, evolved serves as a VERB:
What did emotions DO?
Emotions EVOLVED in the nervous system.

But reflecting serves as a MODIFIER.
What KIND of feelings?
Feelings REFLECTING the interpretation of emotions.

Since a verb cannot be parallel with a modifier, eliminate B and E.

The core of the OA offers parallel structures:
Scientists maintain that emotions EVOLVED in the nervous system and that feelings REFLECT the interpretation of emotions.
Here, evolved and reflect both serve as verbs.

[Uva@90]

Thanks Bubblii and Mitch for explaining so clearly.

Regards,
Uva.

[richachampion]

Here, evolved serves as a VERB:
What did emotions DO?
Emotions EVOLVED in the nervous system.

I am confused here. "evolved" is a verb or participial? I mean whats the decision point?
evolution of the emotion is the action done by the emotions?

[MartyMurray]

Here, evolved serves as a VERB:
What did emotions DO?
Emotions EVOLVED in the nervous system.

I am confused here. "evolved" is a verb or participial? I mean whats the decision point?
evolution of the emotion is the action done by the emotions?

evolved is used as a verb in this sentence.

If you cut out the modifier, you get the following.

Contemporary cognitive scientists maintain that emotions evolved in the nervous system to help animals survive in the hostile environment and procreate

The way evolved is used in that sentence is a little funny, and a better word choice might be developed. Still, many things can evolve. Here's an example using automobiles.

Automobiles have evolved from unreliable toys of the rich to sophisticated machines affordable to many.

[richachampion]

Here, evolved serves as a VERB:
What did emotions DO?
Emotions EVOLVED in the nervous system.

I am confused here. "evolved" is a verb or participial? I mean whats the decision point?
evolution of the emotion is the action done by the emotions?

evolved is used as a verb in this sentence.

If you cut out the modifier, you get the following.

Contemporary cognitive scientists maintain that emotions evolved in the nervous system to help animals survive in the hostile environment and procreate

The way evolved is used in that sentence is a little funny, and a better word choice might be developed. Still, many things can evolve. Here's an example using automobiles.

Automobiles have evolved from unreliable toys of the rich to sophisticated machines affordable to many.

Actually Mr. Murray,

Take for example this question.
Here Participial's are tested.

What I know how to distinguish between a participial and a verb is to find whether the action is done by the subject or done over the subject the later will be a case of the participial and former a verb form.

In this question I find that work is done over the subject, which is "emotions" Any thoughts?

[MartyMurray]

evolved is used as a verb in this sentence.

If you cut out the modifier, you get the following.

Contemporary cognitive scientists maintain that emotions evolved in the nervous system to help animals survive in the hostile environment and procreate

Actually Mr. Murray,

Take for example this question.
Here Participial's are tested.

What I know how to distinguish between a participial and a verb is to find whether the action is done by the subject or done over the subject the later will be a case of the participial and former a verb form.

In this question I find that work is done over the subject, which is "emotions" Any thoughts?

Your assessment is incorrect. In this sentence, the emotions evolved.

If emotions is not the subject, who or what is the actual or theoretical subject of evolved? scientists?

Meanwhile, the truth is that evolved is an intransitive verb, meaning that it will never have a direct object. Something does not evolve something else. So there is no way that emotions could be the object of evolved.

So the scientists did not evolve the emotions. The scientists maybe researched or studied emotions and, having done so, maintain (similar to state, say, or argue) that emotions evolved.

Scientists say that emotions evolved.

[gui_guimaraes]

Hi,

Contemporary cognitive scientists maintain that emotions, which are biological functions, evolved in the nervous system to help animals survive in the hostile environment and procreate, and feelings are products of the conscious mind, reflecting the interpretation of emotions.

A) procreate, and feelings are products of the conscious mind, reflecting.
B) procreate, and that feelings,as products of the conscious mind, reflecting.
c) procreate, and that feelings,which are products of the conscious mind, reflect.
D) to procreate, and feelings are products of the conscious mind, which reflect.
E) to procreate, and that feelings,which are products of the conscious mind, reflecting.

OA : C

Thanks in advance.
Regards,
Uva.

A and D: scientists maintain...and feelings are products...
Here, a reader might construe that the two clauses -- scientist maintain and feelings are products -- represent two distinct actions.
Not the intended meaning.
To make it clear that the second clause is a continuation of the first, the word that is needed:
Scientists maintain...THAT feelings reflect the interpretation of emotions.
Eliminate A and D.

B and E: that feelings...reflecting the interpretation of emotions.
Here, reflecting serves as an ADJECTIVE.
Thus, the subject of the that-clause (feelings) lacks a verb.
Eliminate B and E.

The correct answer is C.

Can you please elaborate on the last part of your explanation "...reflecting..."
The way I see this issue is that "...reflecting ..." refers to the scientists and this is not the intended meaning. The feelings reflect the interpretation of emotions. Am I correct?

Many tks!!!

[treetree]

Hi,

Contemporary cognitive scientists maintain that emotions, which are biological functions, evolved in the nervous system to help animals survive in the hostile environment and procreate, and feelings are products of the conscious mind, reflecting the interpretation of emotions.

A) procreate, and feelings are products of the conscious mind, reflecting.
B) procreate, and that feelings,as products of the conscious mind, reflecting.
c) procreate, and that feelings,which are products of the conscious mind, reflect.
D) to procreate, and feelings are products of the conscious mind, which reflect.
E) to procreate, and that feelings,which are products of the conscious mind, reflecting.

OA : C

Thanks in advance.
Regards,
Uva.

any comments on this? I too had the same impression!

A and D: scientists maintain...and feelings are products...
Here, a reader might construe that the two clauses -- scientist maintain and feelings are products -- represent two distinct actions.
Not the intended meaning.
To make it clear that the second clause is a continuation of the first, the word that is needed:
Scientists maintain...THAT feelings reflect the interpretation of emotions.
Eliminate A and D.

B and E: that feelings...reflecting the interpretation of emotions.
Here, reflecting serves as an ADJECTIVE.
Thus, the subject of the that-clause (feelings) lacks a verb.
Eliminate B and E.

The correct answer is C.

Can you please elaborate on the last part of your explanation "...reflecting..."
The way I see this issue is that "...reflecting ..." refers to the scientists and this is not the intended meaning. The feelings reflect the interpretation of emotions. Am I correct?

Many tks!!!