Required Of vs Required By

[clawhammer]

Can anyone tell me the difference and use of "required of" vs "required by"? Are they same?

Because of the enormous research and development expenditures required to survive in the electronics industry, an industry marked by rapid innovation and volatile demand, such firms tend to be very large.
(A) to survive
(B) of firms to survive
(C) for surviving
(D) for survival
(E) for firms' survival

- Is "required for" wrong? What's wrong with E ?

[reply2spg]

E is wrong because you are saying firm's survival and not firms. We need firms here.

Can anyone tell me the difference and use of "required of" vs "required by"? Are they same?

Because of the enormous research and development expenditures required to survive in the electronics industry, an industry marked by rapid innovation and volatile demand, such firms tend to be very large.
(A) to survive
(B) of firms to survive
(C) for surviving
(D) for survival
(E) for firms' survival

- Is "required for" wrong? What's wrong with E ?

[Maciek]

Hi all!

Follow the link below and you will find solution:
https://www.beatthegmat.com/1000-sc-problem-t53938.html

Hope it helps!
Best,
Maciek