Permutation and combination

This topic has expert replies
Source: — Problem Solving |

GMAT/MBA Expert

User avatar
GMAT Instructor
Posts: 16207
Joined: Mon Dec 08, 2008 6:26 pm
Location: Vancouver, BC
Thanked: 5254 times
Followed by:1268 members
GMAT Score:770

by Brent@GMATPrepNow » Tue Feb 04, 2014 8:27 am
parveen110 wrote:A dice is rolled six times. One, two, three, four, five and six appears on consecutive throws of dice. How many ways are possible of having one before six?
a.120
b.360.
c.240
d.380
e.280

OA:360
This question is very similar to this one: https://www.beatthegmat.com/mobster-comb ... 66632.html

Presumably (judging from the OA), a die is rolled 6 times, and in those 6 rolls, we get exactly one 1, one 2, one 3, one 4, one 5, and one 6.
So, some possible scenarios are:
2-4-5-1-3-6
1-2-4-6-3-5
6-1-3-5-2-4
etc

We want to determine the number of arrangements such that the 1 appears before the 6.

If we IGNORE the restriction that the 1 must appear before the 6, we can see that we can arrange the six digits (1,2,3,4,5 and 6) in 6! ways. (using a rule that says we can arrange n unique objects in n! ways)
6! = 720
So we can arrange the 6 digits in 720 ways

IMPORTANT: Notice that, in HALF of those 720 arrangements, the 1 appears before the 6, and in the other HALF of those 720 arrangements, the 6 appears before the 1.
So, there are 360 arrangements in which the 1 appears before the 6
Answer: B

Cheers,
Brent
Last edited by Brent@GMATPrepNow on Tue Feb 04, 2014 8:28 am, edited 1 time in total.
Brent Hanneson - Creator of GMATPrepNow.com
Image

User avatar
GMAT Instructor
Posts: 15539
Joined: Tue May 25, 2010 12:04 pm
Location: New York, NY
Thanked: 13060 times
Followed by:1906 members
GMAT Score:790

by GMATGuruNY » Tue Feb 04, 2014 8:27 am
parveen110 wrote:A dice is rolled six times. One, two, three, four, five and six appears on consecutive throws of dice. How many ways are possible of having one before six?
a.120
b.360.
c.240
d.380
e.280

OA:360
The number of ways to arrange the six digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 = 6! = 720.
In any given arrangement, the probability that 1 comes before 6 is the same as the probability that 6 comes before 1.
Thus:
In 1/2 of the arrangements, 1 will come before 6.
In the other 1/2 of the arrangements, 6 will come before 1.
Result:
The number of arrangements in which 1 comes before 6 = (1/2)(720) = 360.

The correct answer is B.
Private tutor exclusively for the GMAT and GRE, with over 20 years of experience.
Followed here and elsewhere by over 1900 test-takers.
I have worked with students based in the US, Australia, Taiwan, China, Tajikistan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia -- a long list of countries.
My students have been admitted to HBS, CBS, Tuck, Yale, Stern, Fuqua -- a long list of top programs.

As a tutor, I don't simply teach you how I would approach problems.
I unlock the best way for YOU to solve problems.

For more information, please email me (Mitch Hunt) at [email protected].
Student Review #1
Student Review #2
Student Review #3

GMAT/MBA Expert

User avatar
Elite Legendary Member
Posts: 10392
Joined: Sun Jun 23, 2013 6:38 pm
Location: Palo Alto, CA
Thanked: 2867 times
Followed by:511 members
GMAT Score:800

by [email protected] » Tue Feb 04, 2014 2:17 pm
Hi parveen110,

Both Brent and Mitch presented the Number Property shortcut that "half" the possibilities are negated because the 1 has to come before the 6 (and not after the 6). If you didn't realize that shortcut, there's still another way to solve the problem; it just takes a little more work.

We're going to track each of the possibilities by using permutation rules. The numbers 2, 3, 4 and 5 can go anywhere, but the placement of the 1 affects where we can put the 6:

_ _ _ _ _ _

Here we have 6 spots (for the six dice rolls).

If the 1 is in the first spot, then the 6 (as well as the other 4 numbers) come after. We have:

1x5x4x3x2x1 = 120 possibilities in which the 1 comes before the 6

If the 1 is in the second spot, then the 6 CAN'T go in the first spot. We have:

4x1x4x3x2x1 = 96 possibilites

If the 1 is in the third spot, then the 6 CAN'T go in the first or second spot. We have:

4x3x1x3x2x1 = 72 possibilities

If the 1 is in the fourth spot, then the 6 CAN'T go in the first, second or third spots. We have:

4x3x2x1x2x1 = 48 possibilities

If the 1 is in the fifth spot, then the 6 MUST be in the last spot. We have:

4x3x2x1x1x1 = 24 possibilities

120 + 96 + 72 + 48 + 24 = 360 possibilities

GMAT assassins aren't born, they're made,
Rich
Contact Rich at [email protected]
Image

Senior | Next Rank: 100 Posts
Posts: 91
Joined: Fri Jan 17, 2014 7:34 am
Thanked: 7 times

by parveen110 » Wed Feb 12, 2014 11:39 pm
Rich, By the same logic one more approach occured to me.

Like you said, the constraint is placed on the outcomes of 1 and 6 only, i.e. 1 should come before 6.
And the other outcomes viz. 2,3,4,5 can occur at any place during six consecutive throws.

so, # of options for 2 to occur at any place is: 6
# of options for 3 to occur at any place is: 5
# of options for 4 to occur at any place is: 4
# of options for 5 to occur at any place is: 3
# of options for 6 to occur at any place is: 1(right most position)
# of options for 1 to occur at any place is: 1(left most position)

combining all the options, 6*5*4*3*1*1=360

GMAT/MBA Expert

User avatar
Elite Legendary Member
Posts: 10392
Joined: Sun Jun 23, 2013 6:38 pm
Location: Palo Alto, CA
Thanked: 2867 times
Followed by:511 members
GMAT Score:800

by [email protected] » Wed Feb 12, 2014 11:49 pm
HI parveen110,

Your logic absolutely works because the other 4 numbers (the 2, 3, 4 and 5) can appear anywhere in the line (and then it's just a matter of placing the 1 and 6 according to the "rules").

GMAT assassins aren't born, they're made,
Rich
Contact Rich at [email protected]
Image