I feel Original sentence is right.

Option A might be right answer

Hi,

IMO,

We can eliminate D and E because ideas-- do not match with " has" and "are.. being"-- is not correct.

Coming to B and C-- more wordy, redundant and ambiguous

A-- right answer.

Experts should come and help us with this one as even I am not very sure...

Hi,

I choose B

Reason: The sentence is trying to say that

Clause 1.....It (Subject) is (Verb) difficult to trace Alfred Schutz's influence on American Sociology,
Clause 2.....Because many years (Subject) have elapsed (Verb) since his ideas burst on the American scene
Clause 3....and (because) these ideas (Subject) have now been disseminated (verb) widely and become (verb) absorbed, incorporated and reformulated by many scholars.

In clause 2, subject (years) is different than clause 3 subject (ideas), hence these two clauses can be made parallel by repeating "because" followed by appropriate subject.

In clause 3, both verbs, have now been disseminated and become, shares the same subject (ideas) and hence, we don't have to repeat the subject here.

+1 for B

2 parallel reasons starting with "because"
the unit "become absorbed, incorporated, and reformulated by many scholars" needs to be seperated using an "and"

in E, if "the ideas" are the subject, we then have a subject-verb agreement error.

thanks

Bis more succinct and grammatically parallel. [/spoiler]