Sentence Correction

apart from this one, in GMAT SC, are there any other exceptions in which that-modifier will not touch its intended referent ?

Comma that!
that clause can jump non essential modifier; which clause on the other hand cannot.
Scientists have identified an asteroid, 2000 BF19, that is about half a mile wide
that clause and its antecedent are not placed next to each other.

that clause , and infact also few other noun modifiers such as adjectivial prep phrases, can be flexible in their placement if context is clear.
Have a look at the following official SC.

By developing the Secure Digital Music Initiative, the recording industry associations of North America, Japan, and Europe hope to create a standardized way of distributing songs and full-length recordings on the Internet that will protect copyright holders and foil the many audio pirates who copy and distribute digital music illegally.

(A) of distributing songs and full-length recordings on the Internet that will protect copyright holders and foil the many audio pirates who copy and distribute
(B) of distributing songs and full-length recordings on the Internet and to protect copyright holders and foiling the many audio pirates copying and distributing
(C) for distributing songs and full-length recordings on the Internet while it protects copyright holders and foils the many audio pirates who copy and distribute
(D) to distribute songs and full-length recordings on the Internet while they will protect copyright holders and foil the many audio pirates copying and distributing
(E) to distribute songs and full-length recordings on the Internet and it will protect copyright holders and foiling the many audio pirates who copy and distribute

OA: A

the recording industry associations of North America, Japan, and Europe hope to create a standardized way of distributing songs and full-length recordings on the Internet that will protect copyright holders.

Here is another one-

Although no proof yet exists of electromagnetic fields generated by household appliances posing any health threat, mounting scientific evidence has convinced many experts that there is cause for concern.
(A) of electromagnetic fields generated by household appliances posing any health threat
(B) of electromagnetic fields generated by household appliances that pose any threat to health
(C) that electromagnetic fields generated by household appliances pose any threat to health
(D) that poses any threat to health from electromagnetic fields generated by household appliances
(E) for any health threat posed by electromagnetic fields generated by household appliances
OA C

no proof exists that electromagnetic fields generated by household appliances pose any threat to health
which proof? what kind of proof?
the one that electromagnetic fields generated by household appliances pose any threat to health

Why so? why is that clause allowed to jump verb?
The modifier(adjectivial one) can jump verb if the verb part is shorter in length than the modifier part.
Furthur, the modifier need not be that clause that serves the purpose of adjective; same is true for prep phrase that serves the purpose of adjective.
Why?
because it is stylistically preferred.

Have a look at the following one-

Navigators have known for thousands of years that the ocean has variable currents, but it is only in the last half century that a reasonably clear picture has emerged of the patterns and causes of ocean currents.

A. a reasonably clear picture has emerged of the patterns and causes of ocean currents
B. a reasonably clear picture of the patterns of ocean currents and their causes have emerged
C. a reasonably clear picture emerged of ocean currents, their patterns and the causes of them
D. there have emerged a reasonably clear picture of the patterns of ocean currents and what caused them
E. there had emerged a reasonably clear picture of the patterns of ocean currents and their causes
OA A

a reasonably clear picture has emerged of the patterns and causes of ocean currents.
is same as the following one; difference ,however, is only of style or efficient writing.
a reasonably clear picture of the patterns and causes of ocean currents has emerged .


no proof exists that electromagnetic fields generated by household appliances pose any threat to health
is same as the following one; difference ,however, is only of style or efficient writing.
no proof that electromagnetic fields generated by household appliances pose any threat to health exists.


a new type of jet engine is being tested that could eventually propel aircraft anywhere in the world within two hours.
is same as the following one; difference ,however, is only of style or efficient writing.
a new type of jet engine that could eventually propel aircraft anywhere in the world within two hours is being tested.

In all these sentences, verb part is shorter in length while the modifier part is longer.

As it is just a matter of style and has nothing to do with grammar or meaning, this type of placement issue is never going to be a deal breaker.

Following sentence,however, is incorrect-
Mary placed all of the cookies on the table that John had baked.
On the table is an adverbial prep phrase modifying placed.
As Mitch has mentioned, that clause cannot jump adverbial prep phrase.( we don't have any such instance in official material).
Same is also true for which clause: which clause cannot jump adverbial prep phrase.