X rather than Y

Do not consider as while considering the parallel construction .

systematic hunters || mere scavengers

Hence E .

The new image of stonage people as systematic hunters of large animals, rather than merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including three wooden spears that archeologists believe to be about 400,000 years old.

a) merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including
b) as merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from examining tools found in Germany, which include
c) as mere meat scavengers, has emerged from examining tools found in Germany that includes
d) mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, which includes---------> which refers to Germany over here which is wrong.
e) mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including

I successfully eliminated options A,B and C but picked D over E as I thought which is necessary to refer to tools.

This makes me realize that somehow I have missed the concept of which.

Could you please help me understand it by posting fundamentals on usage of which?

aspirant2011 wrote:The new image of stonage people as systematic hunters of large animals, rather than merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including three wooden spears that archeologists believe to be about 400,000 years old.

a) merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including
b) as merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from examining tools found in Germany, which include
c) as mere meat scavengers, has emerged from examining tools found in Germany that includes
d) mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, which includes---------> which refers to Germany over here which is wrong.
e) mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including

Kindly Judge this option to E

mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, that includes

Hi bubliiii,

Which in the sentence refers to the nearest noun and over here nearest noun is Germany, now try to go through the sentence once,you would itself come to know the mistake....

The new image of stonage people as systematic hunters of large animals, rather than merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including three wooden spears that archeologists believe to be about 400,000 years old.
a) merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including
b) as merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from examining tools found in Germany, which include
c) as mere meat scavengers, has emerged from examining tools found in Germany that includes
d) mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, which includes
e) mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including

The issues:

1. The new image--------is the subject, which is SINGULAR. Eliminate A and B.
2. "As X, rather than Y" is correct. As X rather than as Y is incorrect. Eliminate C.
3. Germany, which includes three wooden spears....... changes the intended meaning of the sentence. Germany does not include wooden spears. Eliminate D.

Answer is E.

aspirant2011 wrote:Hi bubliiii,

Which in the sentence refers to the nearest noun and over here nearest noun is Germany, now try to go through the sentence once,you would itself come to know the mistake....

Thanks Sachin