Modifier

[ranjeet75]

A study by the Hermann commission urged SEB to undertake a series of measures to arrest the gradual decrease in the number of listed .com firms, [u]which includes the establishment of lower limits for annual revenues, and scaling[/u] down such other norms selectively for small technology and internet firms.

A. which includes the establishment of lower limits for annual revenues, and scaling
B. which includes establishing limits to the size of annual revenues, and scaling
C. which include the establishment of lower limits for annual revenues, and the scaling
D. including establishing lower limits for annual revenues, and scaling
E. including the establishing of limits to the size of annual revenues, and the scaling

OA is [spoiler]D[/spoiler]; why [spoiler]E[/spoiler] is wrong. Whether "establishing of limits to the size" is unidiomatic?

[essaysnark]

Hey ranjeet75 --

E has two errors in it

For parallelism, it would need to say "including the establishing of limits to the size of annual revenues, and the scaling DOWN OF"

It also changes the meaning. The original talks about establishing "lower limits" whereas E just says establishing "limits" which is less precise than the original. The original implies that limits are already established; the meaning needed is about lower limits.

It's also very awkward to be using gerunds rather than nouns in E. This isn't technically an error but it means it's less ideal. D is a more elegant and simple construction.

EssaySnark