prime minis...

[advita]

Having bowed our heads, the Prime minister led us in prayer.

Having bowed our heads, the Prime minister led

After we bowed our heads, the Prime minister led

After we bowed our heads, the Prime minister leads

After we had bowed our heads, the Prime minister led

Having bowed our heads, the Prime minister leads


pl explain...[spoiler] B/D[/spoiler] imo B is also correct.

[shovan85]

Having bowed our heads, the Prime minister led us in prayer.

Having bowed our heads, the Prime minister led

After we bowed our heads, the Prime minister led

After we bowed our heads, the Prime minister leads

After we had bowed our heads, the Prime minister led

Having bowed our heads, the Prime minister leads


pl explain...[spoiler] B/D[/spoiler] imo B is also correct.

See in both B and D, AFTER is used. This is a Indicator what lets us know that One Action definitely happened before the other one.

The usage of HAD is meant for Past Participle. This means that an action started in the past, continued in the past, and ended in the past.

According to the question the action "Bowing of Heads" started in MORE PAST than the action "Leading by the PM".

Thus D is correct. The option B is not correct because of the explicit mention of the Indicator 'After'. This clearly says that one action happened before the other.

[Isaac@EconomistGMAT]

Clue words such as before, after, by the time, etc. are often a good indication that the Past Perfect tense needs to be used; you juts need to figure out which action came first. The action that comes first should be in the Past Perfect.

Remember though that the Past Perfect tense is to be used for a finished action in the past, one which occurred before another action occurred in the Past. In addition, it is very possible to not have such 'clue' words to indicate that the Past Perfect needs to be used.

So you can have a sentence that is explicit in its Past Perfect Usage:

Before I met her, I had heard much about her.

Or a sentence that is more implicit:

The law that had been enacted in 1888 became redundant by the early 1900s.