Heightened land erosion

[YellowSapphire]

Heightened land erosion, caused by human activity, has many negative effects including the following: algae blooms, coral reef destruction, imbalance of the fish population, and the introduction of harmful chemicals to the ocean's environment.

A) including the following: algae blooms, coral reef destruction, imbalance of the fish population, and the introduction of harmful chemicals to the ocean's environment.
B) including: algae blooms, coral reef destruction, imbalance of the fish population, and harmful chemicals entering the ocean's environment.
C) including: algae blooms, coral reef destruction, imbalance of the fish population, and the introduction of harmful chemicals to the ocean's environment.
D) including the following: algae blooms, coral reef destruction, imbalance of the fish population, and harmful chemicals entering the ocean's environment.
E) including the following: algae blooms, coral reef destruction, certain fish populations rising, certain fish populations falling, and the introduction of harmful chemicals to the ocean's environment.

How to decide between A and D?

[outreach]

algae blooms, coral reef destruction, imbalance of the fish population, and the introduction of

are needed to show an action

stuck between a and c
but i feel A shd be correct

[neha.patni]

Heightened land erosion, caused by human activity, has many negative effects including the following: algae blooms, coral reef destruction, imbalance of the fish population, and the introduction of harmful chemicals to the ocean's environment.

A) including the following: algae blooms, coral reef destruction, imbalance of the fish population, and the introduction of harmful chemicals to the ocean's environment.
B) including: algae blooms, coral reef destruction, imbalance of the fish population, and harmful chemicals entering the ocean's environment.
C) including: algae blooms, coral reef destruction, imbalance of the fish population, and the introduction of harmful chemicals to the ocean's environment.
D) including the following: algae blooms, coral reef destruction, imbalance of the fish population, and harmful chemicals entering the ocean's environment.
E) including the following: algae blooms, coral reef destruction, certain fish populations rising, certain fish populations falling, and the introduction of harmful chemicals to the ocean's environment.

How to decide between A and D?

If you ask me to select between A & D - it would be A because we are discussing the harmful effects of land erosion and the effect is "the introduction of harmful chemicals" and not the harmful chemicals themselves.

But i have another confusion can't we select C. is " including the following" required?

[YellowSapphire]

If you ask me to select between A & D - it would be A because we are discussing the harmful effects of land erosion and the effect is "the introduction of harmful chemicals" and not the harmful chemicals themselves.

But i have another confusion can't we select C. is " including the following" required?

OA: A

"the introduction of harmful chemicals" is required as per the meaning of the sentence. This was confusion for me. Grammatically, "harmful chemicals entering the ocean's environment" is an absolute phrase. It is a noun expressionism. Why not parallel.

List after colon describes the word, which comes before colon.

[adi_800]

why do we require following?