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Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly

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Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly

by aspirant2011 » Sat Jul 02, 2011 7:50 am
Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart. When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle. A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used. It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely, and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination, administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little. Nevertheless, experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years. Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest justification for the experts' prediction?

A. Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquitoes, but each outbreak is so widespread that it is impractical to control it by using insecticides.

B. When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak.

C. It would take less than a month for producers of the vaccine to adjust their production operations to cope with a large increase in demand.

D. Many cattle farmers in East Africa are nomadic or live in remote villages, and such farmers, who have little access to modern veterinary medicine, are particularly hard hit by outbreaks of Rift Valley fever.

E. Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever.

[spoiler]OA: Will be posted later. Please discuss each answer choice in detail[/spoiler]
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by vikram4689 » Sat Jul 02, 2011 10:24 am
IMO E

We need an option that will help the conclusion that demand of vaccination will increase. (some options are irrelevant, so i have marked them accordingly,in case you want to discuss any option do mention that)

A. Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquitoes, but each outbreak is so widespread that it is impractical to control it by using insecticides. Irrelevant

B. When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak.this does not show why the demand will increase

C. It would take less than a month for producers of the vaccine to adjust their production operations to cope with a large increase in demand. We need an option that will talk about time frame w.r.t to users of vaccine not w.r.t to producers of vaccine

D. Many cattle farmers in East Africa are nomadic or live in remote villages, and such farmers, who have little access to modern veterinary medicine, are particularly hard hit by outbreaks of Rift Valley fever.This has been the case earlier also

E. Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever. HERE IS THE ONE, with the new reasearch users will know,before 2-5 months,that fever will occur and they will use the vaccine
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by aspirant2011 » Sat Jul 02, 2011 11:01 am
vikram4689 wrote:IMO E

We need an option that will help the conclusion that demand of vaccination will increase. (some options are irrelevant, so i have marked them accordingly,in case you want to discuss any option do mention that)

A. Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquitoes, but each outbreak is so widespread that it is impractical to control it by using insecticides. Irrelevant

B. When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak.this does not show why the demand will increase

C. It would take less than a month for producers of the vaccine to adjust their production operations to cope with a large increase in demand. We need an option that will talk about time frame w.r.t to users of vaccine not w.r.t to producers of vaccine

D. Many cattle farmers in East Africa are nomadic or live in remote villages, and such farmers, who have little access to modern veterinary medicine, are particularly hard hit by outbreaks of Rift Valley fever.This has been the case earlier also

E. Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever. HERE IS THE ONE, with the new reasearch users will know,before 2-5 months,that fever will occur and they will use the vaccine
Hi Vikram,

Thanks for your response, I want to know one thing in option E i.e how did u make out from the statement of option E that they will come to know 2-5 months prior before the outbreak??????
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by mriiidula » Sat Jul 02, 2011 11:39 am
I think E as well, well explained above
The answer choice states 2-5 months..
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by vikram4689 » Sat Jul 02, 2011 8:47 pm
aspirant2011 wrote:
vikram4689 wrote:IMO E

We need an option that will help the conclusion that demand of vaccination will increase. (some options are irrelevant, so i have marked them accordingly,in case you want to discuss any option do mention that)

A. Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquitoes, but each outbreak is so widespread that it is impractical to control it by using insecticides. Irrelevant

B. When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak.this does not show why the demand will increase

C. It would take less than a month for producers of the vaccine to adjust their production operations to cope with a large increase in demand. We need an option that will talk about time frame w.r.t to users of vaccine not w.r.t to producers of vaccine

D. Many cattle farmers in East Africa are nomadic or live in remote villages, and such farmers, who have little access to modern veterinary medicine, are particularly hard hit by outbreaks of Rift Valley fever.This has been the case earlier also

E. Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever. HERE IS THE ONE, with the new reasearch users will know,before 2-5 months,that fever will occur and they will use the vaccine
Hi Vikram,

Thanks for your response, I want to know one thing in option E i.e how did u make out from the statement of option E that they will come to know 2-5 months prior before the outbreak??????
E states this fact - Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever.
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by aspirant2011 » Sun Jul 03, 2011 7:29 am
vikram4689 wrote:
aspirant2011 wrote:
vikram4689 wrote:IMO E

We need an option that will help the conclusion that demand of vaccination will increase. (some options are irrelevant, so i have marked them accordingly,in case you want to discuss any option do mention that)

A. Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquitoes, but each outbreak is so widespread that it is impractical to control it by using insecticides. Irrelevant

B. When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak.this does not show why the demand will increase

C. It would take less than a month for producers of the vaccine to adjust their production operations to cope with a large increase in demand. We need an option that will talk about time frame w.r.t to users of vaccine not w.r.t to producers of vaccine

D. Many cattle farmers in East Africa are nomadic or live in remote villages, and such farmers, who have little access to modern veterinary medicine, are particularly hard hit by outbreaks of Rift Valley fever.This has been the case earlier also

E. Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever. HERE IS THE ONE, with the new reasearch users will know,before 2-5 months,that fever will occur and they will use the vaccine
Hi Vikram,

Thanks for your response, I want to know one thing in option E i.e how did u make out from the statement of option E that they will come to know 2-5 months prior before the outbreak??????
E states this fact - Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever.
Hi Vikram,

My doubt is that are certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed after 2-5 months of Rift valley fever outbreak or 2-5 months before Rift Valley fever outbreak?????

request you to clarify on the same.......
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by vikram4689 » Sun Jul 03, 2011 8:24 am
aspirant2011 wrote:
vikram4689 wrote:
aspirant2011 wrote:
vikram4689 wrote:IMO E

We need an option that will help the conclusion that demand of vaccination will increase. (some options are irrelevant, so i have marked them accordingly,in case you want to discuss any option do mention that)

A. Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquitoes, but each outbreak is so widespread that it is impractical to control it by using insecticides. Irrelevant

B. When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak.this does not show why the demand will increase

C. It would take less than a month for producers of the vaccine to adjust their production operations to cope with a large increase in demand. We need an option that will talk about time frame w.r.t to users of vaccine not w.r.t to producers of vaccine

D. Many cattle farmers in East Africa are nomadic or live in remote villages, and such farmers, who have little access to modern veterinary medicine, are particularly hard hit by outbreaks of Rift Valley fever.This has been the case earlier also

E. Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever. HERE IS THE ONE, with the new reasearch users will know,before 2-5 months,that fever will occur and they will use the vaccine
Hi Vikram,

Thanks for your response, I want to know one thing in option E i.e how did u make out from the statement of option E that they will come to know 2-5 months prior before the outbreak??????
E states this fact - Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever.
Hi Vikram,

My doubt is that are certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed after 2-5 months of Rift valley fever outbreak or 2-5 months before Rift Valley fever outbreak?????

request you to clarify on the same.......
"Followed by" is one construction in passive voice
A is followed by B means Event A occurs first and then it is followed by Event B
e.g. Summer is followed by Autumn
or in Active Voice - Autumn follows Summer

Trick to remember: When Person A follows Person B then A will always reach after Person B.
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by aspirant2011 » Sun Jul 03, 2011 8:26 am
vikram4689 wrote:
aspirant2011 wrote:
vikram4689 wrote:
aspirant2011 wrote:
vikram4689 wrote:IMO E

We need an option that will help the conclusion that demand of vaccination will increase. (some options are irrelevant, so i have marked them accordingly,in case you want to discuss any option do mention that)

A. Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquitoes, but each outbreak is so widespread that it is impractical to control it by using insecticides. Irrelevant

B. When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak.this does not show why the demand will increase

C. It would take less than a month for producers of the vaccine to adjust their production operations to cope with a large increase in demand. We need an option that will talk about time frame w.r.t to users of vaccine not w.r.t to producers of vaccine

D. Many cattle farmers in East Africa are nomadic or live in remote villages, and such farmers, who have little access to modern veterinary medicine, are particularly hard hit by outbreaks of Rift Valley fever.This has been the case earlier also

E. Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever. HERE IS THE ONE, with the new reasearch users will know,before 2-5 months,that fever will occur and they will use the vaccine
Hi Vikram,

Thanks for your response, I want to know one thing in option E i.e how did u make out from the statement of option E that they will come to know 2-5 months prior before the outbreak??????
E states this fact - Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever.
Hi Vikram,

My doubt is that are certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed after 2-5 months of Rift valley fever outbreak or 2-5 months before Rift Valley fever outbreak?????

request you to clarify on the same.......
"Followed by" is one construction in passive voice
A is followed by B means Event A occurs first and then it is followed by Event B
e.g. Summer is followed by Autumn
or in Active Voice - Autumn follows Summer

Trick to remember: When Person A follows Person B then A will always reach after Person B.
got it, thanks a lot :-)
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by er.aparna » Sun Jul 03, 2011 8:51 pm
This is a strengthen question that first presents a set of facts at a point in time and then states the author's conclusion that the behavior going forward would be different from that in the past. So the correct answer choice would present additional information that happened in recent present that will support this change of behavior. So in other words, reject all choices that present new information that was true in the past and in the present.

Also, since this is a strengthen problem, this correct choice only has to make the conclusion more likely and not prove that the conclusion will indeed take place.



A. Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquitoes, but each outbreak is so widespread that it is impractical to control it by using insecticides.

· This choice presents no new information that is only true in the recent present or future. Hence, there is no reason why the farmers would change their behavior now. Reject this choice.

B. When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak.

· This choice presents no new information that is only true in the recent present or future. Hence, there is no reason why the farmers would change their behavior now. Reject this choice.

C. It would take less than a month for producers of the vaccine to adjust their production operations to cope with a large increase in demand.

· This choice presents no new information that is only true in the recent present or future. Hence, there is no reason why the farmers would change their behavior now. Reject this choice.

D. Many cattle farmers in East Africa are nomadic or live in remote villages, and such farmers, who have little access to modern veterinary medicine, are particularly hard hit by outbreaks of Rift Valley fever.

· Same as above. No new information.

E. Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever.

· Hmm... new information that is true now (note: Recently published research) and addresses a problem that farmer's did not vaccine their cows because there was a very low likelihood of getting infected. This new research is able to pinpoint an extremely high likelihood of cows getting infected (note: use of "invariably"). Hence, this choice addresses one of the reasons why farmers did not use this vaccine and is a true strengthener. Hence this is the correct choice.
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by VivianKerr » Mon Jul 04, 2011 6:34 am
Here's my take:

Conclusion: Use of vaccine will increase significantly

Evidence: Vaccine is expensive, not effective for 1 month

Assumption: Price of vaccine decreasing, farmers see benefits of preventing future outbreaks, vaccine is now effective in less than 1 month

Question Rephrase: Why would farmers use the vaccine more?

Prediction: See assumption.

A. Spread of the disease is irrelevant.
B. It's not clear from the passage that the cattle farmers make their money from exporting lifestock. Therefore, this would not necessarily lead them to using the vaccine more.
C. This doesn't explain the increase in demand.
D. This doesn't support their increased use of the vaccine.
E. CORRECT. The increased predictability of the outbreaks would likely lead to more vaccine use.
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