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John Kennedy and his Cabinet met in

by patanjali.purpose » Sun Mar 11, 2012 1:38 pm
(1) John Kennedy and his Cabinet met in November 1962 to consider a possible Russian effort to station weaponry in Cuba and what diplomatic action would be necessary in order to deal with such an event.

Is this a correct sentence? If yes, do you think X AND Y are parallel - if yes, how?

(2) Highly adaptive and in no danger of extinction, the cat has changed little in the millions of years of its existence.

This sentence is grammatically correct. Do you think parts X and Y of the opening modifier are parallel? If yes, how?
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by sam2304 » Sun Mar 11, 2012 11:27 pm
patanjali.purpose wrote:(1) John Kennedy and his Cabinet met in November 1962 to consider a possible Russian effort to station weaponry in Cuba and what diplomatic action would be necessary in order to deal with such an event.

Is this a correct sentence? If yes, do you think X AND Y are parallel - if yes, how?
Yes both are parallel.

John Kennedy and his Cabinet met in November 1962 - to do two things as follows
to consider a possible Russian effort to station weaponry in Cuba and
what diplomatic action would be necessary in order to deal with such an event.
(2) Highly adaptive and in no danger of extinction, the cat has changed little in the millions of years of its existence.

This sentence is grammatically correct. Do you think parts X and Y of the opening modifier are parallel? If yes, how?
Highly adaptive - what is highly adaptive ?
In no danger of extinction - what is in no danger of extinction ?

the cat modifies both and fits perfectly here.

The sentence is a short version of
Highly adaptive, the cat has changed little in the millions of years of its existence.
In no danger of extinction, the cat has changed little in the millions of years of its existence.

Hope this helps !!
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by avik.ch » Mon Mar 12, 2012 12:11 am
patanjali.purpose wrote:(1) John Kennedy and his Cabinet met in November 1962 to consider a possible Russian effort to station weaponry in Cuba and what diplomatic action would be necessary in order to deal with such an event.

Is this a correct sentence? If yes, do you think X AND Y are parallel - if yes, how?
I am not sure of this. One is a noun phrase and the other is a clause.

to consider a possible Russian effort to station weaponry in Cuba -- noun phrase
what diplomatic action would be necessary in order to deal with such an event - clause

since two ideas should be parallel - these two ideas are not structurally similar.
patanjali.purpose wrote:(2) Highly adaptive and in no danger of extinction, the cat has changed little in the millions of years of its existence.

This sentence is grammatically correct. Do you think parts X and Y of the opening modifier are parallel? If yes, how?
yes, this is correct.

both are adverbs - adverb of reason. Why the cat has changes little ?
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by patanjali.purpose » Sat Mar 17, 2012 6:29 am
avik.ch wrote:
patanjali.purpose wrote:(1) John Kennedy and his Cabinet met in November 1962 to consider a possible Russian effort to station weaponry in Cuba and what diplomatic action would be necessary in order to deal with such an event.

Is this a correct sentence? If yes, do you think X AND Y are parallel - if yes, how?
I am not sure of this. One is a noun phrase and the other is a clause.

to consider a possible Russian effort to station weaponry in Cuba -- noun phrase
what diplomatic action would be necessary in order to deal with such an event - clause

since two ideas should be parallel - these two ideas are not structurally similar.
I agree with you.
patanjali.purpose wrote:(2) Highly adaptive and in no danger of extinction, the cat has changed little in the millions of years of its existence.

This sentence is grammatically correct. Do you think parts X and Y of the opening modifier are parallel? If yes, how?
yes, this is correct.

both are adverbs - adverb of reason. Why the cat has changes little ?
HIGHLY ADAPTIVE could be an ADVERB modifying THE CAT HAS CHANGED A LITTLE 'Because IT IS HIGHLY ADAPTIVE'. It could be an ADJECTIVE modifying THE CAT.

IMO 'IN NO DANGER OF EXTINCTION' is not modifying the main verb (HAS CHANGED) - this prep ph is acting as ADJECTIVE modifying THE CAT (JUST as HIGHLY ADAPTIVE).

IMO in (2) parts of OPENING MODIFIERS are actually ADJECTIVE MODIFIERS modifying THE CAT and therefore sentence is correct.
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by avik.ch » Sat Mar 17, 2012 10:57 pm
patanjali.purpose wrote:
patanjali.purpose wrote:(2) Highly adaptive and in no danger of extinction, the cat has changed little in the millions of years of its existence.

This sentence is grammatically correct. Do you think parts X and Y of the opening modifier are parallel? If yes, how?
yes, this is correct.

both are adverbs - adverb of reason. Why the cat has changes little ?
HIGHLY ADAPTIVE could be an ADVERB modifying THE CAT HAS CHANGED A LITTLE 'Because IT IS HIGHLY ADAPTIVE'. It could be an ADJECTIVE modifying THE CAT.

IMO 'IN NO DANGER OF EXTINCTION' is not modifying the main verb (HAS CHANGED) - this prep ph is acting as ADJECTIVE modifying THE CAT (JUST as HIGHLY ADAPTIVE).

IMO in (2) parts of OPENING MODIFIERS are actually ADJECTIVE MODIFIERS modifying THE CAT and therefore sentence is correct.

A non essential prepositional phrase acts in the following way,
1. It modiifies the main verb or the main action.
2. Since it modifies an action, and the subject perform the action - it must have a logical subject. But this doesn't mean that the prepositional phrase here acts as an adjective. No it doesn't.

------
A prepositional phrase acts as an adjective or an adverb without a comma - this is decided by meaning and constituency.
A prepositional phrase always acts as an adverb with a comma.

Here both -

highly adaptive
in no danger of extinction

Provide us the reason why the cat has changed a little - an adverb of reason. At the same time, since it is about the cat,this is applicable for "CAT" , it has a logical subject. But this doesnot modifies the CAT,

In 2011, I met joe. -- What is "in 2011" ? Does it modifies "I" - It can't, illogical. Its an adverb of time.
patanjali.purpose wrote: IMO 'IN NO DANGER OF EXTINCTION' is not modifying the main verb (HAS CHANGED) - this prep ph is acting as ADJECTIVE modifying THE CAT (JUST as HIGHLY ADAPTIVE).
Prepositional phrase with a comma always modifies an action.

Did you studied anywhere that prepositional phrase with comma modifies a noun ? If yes, Then please show me, as my knowledge are much based on non-GMAT grammar books. May be its a GMAT specific instruction.


Hope this helps !!
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by patanjali.purpose » Sun Mar 18, 2012 12:36 am
avik.ch wrote:(2) Highly adaptive and in no danger of extinction, the cat has changed little in the millions of years of its existence.

highly adaptive
in no danger of extinction

Provide us the reason why the cat has changed a little - an adverb of reason. At the same time, since it is about the cat,this is applicable for "CAT" , it has a logical subject. But this doesnot modifies the CAT,
In order to decide whether IN NO DANGER OF EXTINCTION - can you elaborate what question are you asking ("the reason why the cat has changed a little") and what answer are you getting?
avik.ch wrote:Prepositional phrase with a comma always modifies an action. Did you studied anywhere that prepositional phrase with comma modifies a noun ? If yes, Then please show me, as my knowledge are much based on non-GMAT grammar books. May be its a GMAT specific instruction. Hope this helps !!
My understanding is based on various sentences/structures I have seen - I am searching for a right source (will update my post as soon as I get one). My understanding is with or without comma a Prep Ph can act as either adjective or adverb. IMO (comma+Prep Ph) can act as adjective also. Lets see this MGMAT example:
By applying optimization techniques commonly used to plan operations, it is possible to determine how much effort ought to be devoted to each of a company's products in order to meet its goals in both the short and long terms.

1. it is possible to determine how much effort ought to be devoted to each of a company's products in order to meet its goals in both the short and long terms
2. a company's managers can determine how much effort should be dedicated to each of the company's products in order to meet its short and long term goals
3. it can be determined by company managers how much effort ought to be devoted to each of the company's products in order to meet its goals, both short and long term
4. it may be possible for company managers to determine how much effort should be dedicated to each of these products in order to meet the company's short and long term goals
5. managers at a company can determine how much effort ought to be dedicated to each of these products in order to meet the company's goals in both the short and long term.
If the opening prep ph were a adverbial modifier, then why would we drop option 1/3/4? If ph "BY...OPERATIONS" is an Adverbial modifiers then it can easily modify main verbs (lets keep aside other errors in the sentence)

Lets take another example:
With only three games left in the tournament, the team intensified its training routine.
With only three games left in the tournament, the trainig routine was intensified by team.
If WITH...TOURNAMENT is a adverbial modifier, why will the first sentence be correct and 2nd incorrect?
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by avik.ch » Sun Mar 25, 2012 9:08 pm
patanjali.purpose wrote:
In order to decide whether IN NO DANGER OF EXTINCTION - can you elaborate what question are you asking ("the reason why the cat has changed a little") and what answer are you getting?
It provides us the reason why the cat changes little - because it has no danger of extinction.
By applying optimization techniques commonly used to plan operations, it is possible to determine how much effort ought to be devoted to each of a company's products in order to meet its goals in both the short and long terms.

1. it is possible to determine how much effort ought to be devoted to each of a company's products in order to meet its goals in both the short and long terms
2. a company's managers can determine how much effort should be dedicated to each of the company's products in order to meet its short and long term goals
3. it can be determined by company managers how much effort ought to be devoted to each of the company's products in order to meet its goals, both short and long term
4. it may be possible for company managers to determine how much effort should be dedicated to each of these products in order to meet the company's short and long term goals
5. managers at a company can determine how much effort ought to be dedicated to each of these products in order to meet the company's goals in both the short and long term.

If the opening prep ph were a adverbial modifier, then why would we drop option 1/3/4? If ph "BY...OPERATIONS" is an Adverbial modifiers then it can easily modify main verbs (lets keep aside other errors in the sentence)
Yes this is an adverb modifier. Lets see how.

1. ask question -how ? "how it is possible to determine ...." -- "by applying ..." - "by applying.." its an adverb of agency

2. What is a "by phrase"

generally "by X" - are always an adverb phrase.

The police caught the thief.
the thief were caught by the police. --- here this sentence has no object, and "by the police" is an adverb of agency.

here "By applying optimization techniques commonly used to plan operations" -- who can apply this. obviously the company's manager. When i meant in my above post that it should have a logical subject, I meant this.

a subject perform the action (verb), an adverb modifies the verb ( an action of the subject) -- so an adverb modifies the whole clause - where both the subject and the verb should be logical with the adverb used.

Refer the core sentence,

A company's managers can determine X by applying optimization techniques commonly used to plan operations.

Refer the "The nephew of Pliny the Elder" SC from VR-2. What is "in two letter..." in the right option -its an adverb of place.

In two letters to the historian Tacitus, the nephew of Pliny the Elder wrote the only eyewitness account of the great eruption of Vesuvius.

How can "in two letter..." can modify "the nephew of Pliny the Elder"


for more on this subject, refer these links :

https://grammartips.homestead.com/adverbs1.html
https://grammartips.homestead.com/adverbs2.html
https://grammartips.homestead.com/adverbs3.html
https://grammartips.homestead.com/adverbs4.html
https://www.eliterateeducation.com/site/prepositions.htm

With only three games left in the tournament, the team intensified its training routine.
With only three games left in the tournament, the trainig routine was intensified by team.
same concept - logical subject.

Referring X doesn't mean modifying X.

Hope this helps !!
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by patanjali.purpose » Mon Mar 26, 2012 2:21 pm
avik.ch wrote:
patanjali.purpose wrote:
In order to decide whether IN NO DANGER OF EXTINCTION - can you elaborate what question are you asking ("the reason why the cat has changed a little") and what answer are you getting?
It provides us the reason why the cat changes little - because it has no danger of extinction.
By applying optimization techniques commonly used to plan operations, it is possible to determine how much effort ought to be devoted to each of a company's products in order to meet its goals in both the short and long terms.

1. it is possible to determine how much effort ought to be devoted to each of a company's products in order to meet its goals in both the short and long terms
2. a company's managers can determine how much effort should be dedicated to each of the company's products in order to meet its short and long term goals
3. it can be determined by company managers how much effort ought to be devoted to each of the company's products in order to meet its goals, both short and long term
4. it may be possible for company managers to determine how much effort should be dedicated to each of these products in order to meet the company's short and long term goals
5. managers at a company can determine how much effort ought to be dedicated to each of these products in order to meet the company's goals in both the short and long term.

If the opening prep ph were a adverbial modifier, then why would we drop option 1/3/4? If ph "BY...OPERATIONS" is an Adverbial modifiers then it can easily modify main verbs (lets keep aside other errors in the sentence)
Yes this is an adverb modifier. Lets see how.

1. ask question -how ? "how it is possible to determine ...." -- "by applying ..." - "by applying.." its an adverb of agency

2. What is a "by phrase"

generally "by X" - are always an adverb phrase.

The police caught the thief.
the thief were caught by the police. --- here this sentence has no object, and "by the police" is an adverb of agency.

here "By applying optimization techniques commonly used to plan operations" -- who can apply this. obviously the company's manager. When i meant in my above post that it should have a logical subject, I meant this.

a subject perform the action (verb), an adverb modifies the verb ( an action of the subject) -- so an adverb modifies the whole clause - where both the subject and the verb should be logical with the adverb used.

Refer the core sentence,

A company's managers can determine X by applying optimization techniques commonly used to plan operations.

Refer the "The nephew of Pliny the Elder" SC from VR-2. What is "in two letter..." in the right option -its an adverb of place.

In two letters to the historian Tacitus, the nephew of Pliny the Elder wrote the only eyewitness account of the great eruption of Vesuvius.

How can "in two letter..." can modify "the nephew of Pliny the Elder"


for more on this subject, refer these links :

https://grammartips.homestead.com/adverbs1.html
https://grammartips.homestead.com/adverbs2.html
https://grammartips.homestead.com/adverbs3.html
https://grammartips.homestead.com/adverbs4.html
https://www.eliterateeducation.com/site/prepositions.htm

With only three games left in the tournament, the team intensified its training routine.
With only three games left in the tournament, the trainig routine was intensified by team.
same concept - logical subject.

Referring X doesn't mean modifying X.

Hope this helps !!
Thanks Avik,

Its making lot of sense now - thanks for your time and effort.
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