When I see the question that have "V-ing", it makes me nerves.
I can Not tell the difference between each V-ing that is use as gerund, present participle (to modify the whole clause) , or present participle ( modify the single N right before the comma). Due to the reason that I am not a native speaker, it is hard for me to tell V-ing form is use as what function.
EX1:
In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle other stars.
A)most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle
B)most of them as large or larger than Jupiter and circling
C)most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling
D)mostly at least as large as Jupiter, which circle
E)mostly as large or larger than Jupiter, circling
OA:C
Here, "circling" I believe is use as modify the N before the comma.
EX2:
In Britain, "pig" refers to any member of the class of domestic swine, but in the United States the term refers only to younger swine not yet ready for market and weighing less than 82 kilograms.
"Weighing" is use as Verb? Or gerund? And how to I know which N it modify?
EX3:
Obtaining an investment-grade rating will keep the county's future borrowing costs low, protect its already-tattered image, and increase its ability to buy bond insurance.
Here, "obtaining", what's the function of this? Isn't it suppose be a main subject that can do this action?
EX4:
Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the number of wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway began in 1975.
(A) bringing
(B) and brings
(C) and it brings
(D) and it brought
(E) and brought
Here, I believe "bringing" is referring to the whole main clause.
I know the basic for all different type of function of V-ing form, but I would need some help to find a "pattern" or a grammar rules that under what circumstance is the V-ing use as?
thx
I can Not tell the difference between each V-ing that is use as gerund, present participle (to modify the whole clause) , or present participle ( modify the single N right before the comma). Due to the reason that I am not a native speaker, it is hard for me to tell V-ing form is use as what function.
EX1:
In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle other stars.
A)most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle
B)most of them as large or larger than Jupiter and circling
C)most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling
D)mostly at least as large as Jupiter, which circle
E)mostly as large or larger than Jupiter, circling
OA:C
Here, "circling" I believe is use as modify the N before the comma.
EX2:
In Britain, "pig" refers to any member of the class of domestic swine, but in the United States the term refers only to younger swine not yet ready for market and weighing less than 82 kilograms.
"Weighing" is use as Verb? Or gerund? And how to I know which N it modify?
EX3:
Obtaining an investment-grade rating will keep the county's future borrowing costs low, protect its already-tattered image, and increase its ability to buy bond insurance.
Here, "obtaining", what's the function of this? Isn't it suppose be a main subject that can do this action?
EX4:
Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the number of wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway began in 1975.
(A) bringing
(B) and brings
(C) and it brings
(D) and it brought
(E) and brought
Here, I believe "bringing" is referring to the whole main clause.
I know the basic for all different type of function of V-ing form, but I would need some help to find a "pattern" or a grammar rules that under what circumstance is the V-ing use as?
thx
