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are, were, or had been?

Expert replies
by vinay2 » Wed Oct 13, 2010 4:50 pm
I found this one debatable. This is from OG 11th edition Q62.

"A 1972 agreement... reduced the amount of phosphates municipalities ____ allowed to dump into the Great Lakes".

1. Are
2. Were
3. Had been

The original choices could be reduced down to the 1 and 3 (but I have included 2 as an additional possibility).

The OG is 1. However, I had selected 3, and I still think it should be either 2 or 3. My rationale is that the agreement did something in 1972, and not today. This should mean that it reduced the amount M were allowed to dump or had been allowed to dump, and not are allowed to dump back then.

What is there was another agreement in 1992 that increased the amount - the one in 1972 didnt decrease the amount M ARE allowed to dump then isnt it.

Is this one of those gray areas where we blindly agree with OG or am I missing some key grammatical rule here?
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Source: — Sentence Correction |

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by Geva@EconomistGMAT » Thu Oct 14, 2010 4:21 am
vinay2 wrote:I found this one debatable. This is from OG 11th edition Q62.

"A 1972 agreement... reduced the amount of phosphates municipalities ____ allowed to dump into the Great Lakes".

1. Are
2. Were
3. Had been

The original choices could be reduced down to the 1 and 3 (but I have included 2 as an additional possibility).

The OG is 1. However, I had selected 3, and I still think it should be either 2 or 3. My rationale is that the agreement did something in 1972, and not today. This should mean that it reduced the amount M were allowed to dump or had been allowed to dump, and not are allowed to dump back then.

What is there was another agreement in 1992 that increased the amount - the one in 1972 didnt decrease the amount M ARE allowed to dump then isnt it.

Is this one of those gray areas where we blindly agree with OG or am I missing some key grammatical rule here?

The O.G. choice - number 1 - is perfectly sensible, and more sensible than the other choices. The point of the sentence is that the agreement in 1972 changed the amount of phosphate that municipalities would be allowed to dump henceforth -- from the point of the agreement onward, and presumably until the present. Lacking any other context that tells us that this arrangement later changed, it would be illogical to phrase the sentence in either of the past tenses. Past simple (were) does not work, as this would imply that the agreement was only relevant for a limited time in the past; certainly, to phrase it in the past perfect (had been), would be absurd, as this would imply that the agreement attempted to reduce the amounts already dumped - which makes no sense whatsoever. The present works perfectly well, as the outcome of the new agreement is a generality - municipalities are currently allowed to dump X amount.

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