In human hearing, subtle differences in how the two ears hear a given sound help the listener determine the qualities of that sound.
(A) in how the two ears hear a given sound help the listener determine
(B) in the two ears hearing a given sound help the listener in determining
(C) in how a sound is heard by the two ears helps the listener determine
(D) between how the two ears hear a given sound helps the listener in determining
(E) between how a sound is heard by the two ears help the listener in determining
Meaning: The sentence talks about the mechanism of human hearing. The listener determines the quality of the sound because of the subtle difference in how the two ears hear a given sound.
Choice analysis: A) Plural subject "differences" agrees in number with plural verb "help". Modifier "in how..." correctly modifies the noun "differences" and explain the hearing mechanism. All the verbs, "hear", "help" and "determine" are in simple present tense. The phrase "help the listener determine" is not wrong. We see this usage more often than not. Example: My violin teacher helped me decide the date of recital.
Thus, this choice seems to have no error.
B) (I agree with cyrwr1) This choice states that the differences in the two ears is the reason to determine the sound quality and not the difference in how these two ears hear a particular sound. This choice is grammatically correct but certainly distorts the meaning. Differences in two ears rather than differences in the way the two ears hear sounds illogical.
C) Plural subject "differences" does not agree in number with singular verb "helps". Also, the use of passive voice is unnecessary that makes the choice wordy.
D) Plural subject "differences" does not agree in number with singular verb "helps". Also, the correct idiom is difference "between x and y". But here the idiom used is differences "between x". There is no second element to establish the difference with. This is an incorrect idiom.
E) This choice is the passive voice form of choice D. This makes the choice wordy. Also, just like choice D, the correct idiom is difference "between x and y". But here the idiom used is differences "between x". There is no second element to establish the difference with. This is an incorrect idiom.
So, I am for choice A.