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The industrial pollutants known as PCB’s were first

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The industrial pollutants known as PCB’s were first

by vinni.k » Mon Jan 28, 2013 3:45 am
The industrial pollutants known as PCB's were first manufactured in 1929 and were used as coolants for electrical equipment in Europe and North America until the 1970s, when studies showed that the compounds had entered the food chain and were harmful to some animals.

A that the compounds had entered the food chain and were harmful to some animals
B the compounds to have entered the food chain and be harmful to some animals
C the entry of the compounds into the food chain as harmful to some animals
D the entry of the compounds into the food chain and its harmfulness to animals
E the compounds entering into the food chain and harming some animals

Answer is A
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by hutch27 » Mon Jan 28, 2013 11:01 am
I chose A mainly because using "had entered" makes sense. I thought of it like the pollutants being used starting since 1929 and stopping 1970's. now during that time between 1929 and 1970 the pollutants were being used until they stoppped using them in 1970. so both events happened in the past, but using the pollutants happened before they stopped using them. so that's really why you need the past perfect. other than that, B uses have, which is wrong. C is passive and sounds awkward. D is also passive and wordy. E is supposed to be past tense cuz of "studies showed...compounds entering... and harming some animals." if this event happened in the past the compounds should have already harmed the animals.
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by Girish Bejawada » Mon Jan 28, 2013 11:31 am
Ans: A
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by Tommy Wallach » Tue Jan 29, 2013 1:14 pm
Hey Guys,

I can take this on in a bit more detail.
The industrial pollutants known as PCB's were first manufactured in 1929 and were used as coolants for electrical equipment in Europe and North America until the 1970s, when studies showed that the compounds had entered the food chain and were harmful to some animals.

A that the compounds had entered the food chain and were harmful to some animals
B the compounds to have entered the food chain and be harmful to some animals
C the entry of the compounds into the food chain as harmful to some animals
D the entry of the compounds into the food chain and its harmfulness to animals
E the compounds entering into the food chain and harming some animals
The big issue is that we NEED the word "that" after show, because it's introducing a clause (phrase with a verb in it). So that gets us to (A) right away. More stuff.:

B) parallel broken between "to have entered" and "be harmful"
C) you can't "show X as Y". There needs to be a verb in there, and once there is, you need THAT.
D) same as (C), plus there's no intelligible antecedent for "its"
E) actually doesn't require THAT, because there's no verb, and the two -ing words are parallel. But the meaning is busted. The study didn't show the compounds entering into the food chain and harming animals (you'd need, like, a video of that actually happening). The study showed THAT the stuff happened.

Hope that helps!

-t
Tommy Wallach, Company Expert
ManhattanGMAT

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by nicktim » Sat Jun 15, 2013 9:08 pm
Tommy Wallach wrote:Hey Guys,

I can take this on in a bit more detail.

The big issue is that we NEED the word "that" after show, because it's introducing a clause (phrase with a verb in it). So that gets us to (A) right away. More stuff.:

B) parallel broken between "to have entered" and "be harmful"
C) you can't "show X as Y". There needs to be a verb in there, and once there is, you need THAT.
D) same as (C), plus there's no intelligible antecedent for "its"
E) actually doesn't require THAT, because there's no verb, and the two -ing words are parallel. But the meaning is busted. The study didn't show the compounds entering into the food chain and harming animals (you'd need, like, a video of that actually happening). The study showed THAT the stuff happened.
Very helpful. Thanks Tommy.
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