duongthang wrote:e-GMAT wrote:Onell wrote:duongthang wrote:New genetic evidence�together with recent studies of elephants� skeletons, tusks, and other anatomical features�/provide compelling support for classifying /Africa�s forest elephants and its savanna elephants as separate species.
C.provides compelling support to the classification of
D.provides compelling support for classifying
E.provides compelling support to classify
Q 11, og 11
Warning that computers in the United States are not secure, the National Academy of Sciences has urged the nation to revamp computer security procedure, institute new emergency response teams, /
D, and create a special nongovernment organization for taking
E, and create a special nongovernment organization to take
Pls, explain the use of �for doing� and �to do� in 2 above questions.
I am really confused.Can anyone please help me out w.r.t the usage of Gerund & infinitives
Thanks
I will provide you with some pointers to understand the difference between the two constructions - to verb & for verb-ing.
To Verb = is used to state specific intent.
For verb-ing = is not used to state an intent.
Now lets take the first sentence in your post:
1: New genetic evidence provides support
for classifying abc.
2: New genetic evidence has been collected
to classify abc.
Sentence 1 implies that new genetic evidence was collected and after analysis it appears to provide support for abc.
Sentence 2 implies that the purpose of collecting new genetic evidence is to classify abc. This sentence shows the direct intent and hence the use of "to verb".
I will suggest you do similar analysis on the second sentence as well.
As always meaning or context of the sentence is the guiding light!!
Thanks,
Payal
Thank you e-gmat. This problem worry me a lot.
e-gmat, pls, give me 2 more example to ilustrate that "for doing" is not used to show intent.
in the "provides compelling support for classifying" , Can I understand that "for doing" modify "support" not the verb.
So, can I say that "for doing" can not modify the verb of the clause?
Can I say that " to do " is used to modify the verb.
your explanation is great but, pls, give us more example.
If the intent of first verb(main verb in the clause) is to 1) prove the second verb or 2) reach the goal expressed in second verb or 3) express intent for second verb(infinitive), then use the infinitive form, otherwise use form than infinitive form.
This can be proven by a general grammar principle with infinitives, which says that infinitive verb form expressed like "in order to [infinitive verb form]" can be reduced to "to [infinitive verb form]". Note that "in order to" is a setting or plot here suggesting intent or goal. Putting "in order to" helps in isolating milk(correct choice) and water(wrong choice) in the sentence.
Eg. Japan must overcome serious obstacles in order to keep its economy in gear. -->can be reduced to--> Japan must overcome serious obstacles to keep its economy in gear.
We study atoms in order to find out how world works. --> can be reduced to-->We study atoms to find out how world works.
Now, let us see both of the problems, by applying the above logic, but by some reverse engineering. Apply "in order to" in place of "to" and check the validity and meaning.
New genetic evidence - together with recent studies of elephants' skeletons, tusks, and other anatomical features - provide compelling support for classifying Africa's forest elephants and its savanna elephants as separate species.
D. provides compelling support for classifying
E. provides compelling support to classify
Place "in order to" in place of "to" in choice E to check.
It will become "Evidence provides compelling support in order to classify elephants".
Clearly, the intent/aim of first verb provides is not to classify(2nd verb/infinitive form) the the elephants from the preceding sentence, so E can be discarded and D becomes winner.
Let's take second example for this reverse engineering technique.
Warning that computers in the United States are not secure, the National Academy of Sciences has urged the nation to revamp computer security procedures, institute new emergency response teams, creating a special nongovernment organization to take charge of computer security planning.
(D) and create a special nongovernment organization for taking
(E) and create a special nongovernment organization to take
Place "in order to" in place of "to" in choice E to check. E will become "NAS has urged the nation to create a special nongovernment organization in order to take charge of computer security planning. This makes perfect sense as first verb create has been done with the intent to take charge of (2nd verb/infinitive). This clearly makes E winner.
Hope This Helps
