Critical Reasoning

A theory is either true or false. Galileo's observations of Jupiter's satellites showed that the
Ptolemaic theory of the motion of celestial bodies is false. Therefore, since the Copernican
theory of planetary motion is inconsistent with the Ptolemaic account, Galileo's observations of
Jupiter's satellites proved the truth of the Copernican theory. The argument above is open
to the objection that it makes the questionable assumption that
A. whoever first observed something inconsistent with the truth of the Ptolemaic theory should be
credited with having proved that theory false
B. there are some possible observations that would be inconsistent with the account given by the
Copernican theory but consistent with the account given by the Ptolemaic theory
C. the Ptolemaic and Copernican theories, being inconsistent, cannot both be based on exactly
the same evidence
D. numerous counterexamples were necessary in order to show the Ptolemaic theory to be false
E. the Ptolemaic and Copernican theories, being inconsistent, cannot both be false