examples please?#Q2
Secondly, Like "that", can "which" modify the clause preceding it ?
not sure exactly what you mean here.
in this problem, "leading to" is a classic example of a COMMA + -ING modifier.#Q3
When to choose leading to and when to choose lead/leads ?
:(
these modifiers refer to the subject and action of the preceding clause, and imply a very specific relationship between the modifier and the action in that clause: the -ING action must be either
(1) simultaneous with AND subordinate to, or
(2) a direct and inevitable consequence of,
the action in the main clause.
for instance:
my brother took extra courses every semester throughout his college career, graduating in only three years.
--> correct. in this case, the modifier (graduating in 3 years) correctly describes an immediate consequence of the action in the main clause; furthermore, the subject of "graduating" is the same as the subject of that clause (i.e., my brother).
my brother ate frozen food every day throughout his college career, graduating in only three years.
--> incorrect. there are no grammatical issues with this sentence, but it's absurd in terms of meaning: there is no causal or consequential relationship between eating frozen food and graduating early.
that's a quick rundown on how to use COMMA + -ING.
--
lead/leads is a VERB.
you can use it in any context where there's a legitimate subject for it.
"lead" is plural; "leads" is singular.