Municipal governments are beginning to confront the growing pension liabilities; this leads local politicians throughout the country to become increasingly vocal about restraining costs and limiting services.
the growing pension liabilities; this leads
their growing pension liabilities; leading
the growth in their pension liabilities, which leads
their growing pension liabilities, leading
their growing pension liabilities, that leads
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iamcste
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bsandhyav wrote:Municipal governments are beginning to confront the growing pension liabilities; this leads local politicians throughout the country to become increasingly vocal about restraining costs and limiting services.
the growing pension liabilities; this leads
their growing pension liabilities; leading
the growth in their pension liabilities, which leads
their growing pension liabilities, leading
their growing pension liabilities, that leads
Concepts tested
1. Modifiers: ", that"- this means that as a non restrictive modifier. Not possible. Eliminate E
2. Modifier "which" points to liabilities
3. Subject verb agreement: In C, "which" points to liabilities and "liabilities lead " and not "leads".
2 and 3 together, eliminate C
4. Connectors:
semicolon structure
Indpendent clause 1 ; Independent clauses 2 -IC1 related to IC2
In A; second part cant stand on its own
"This leads"..."what leads
in B; "leading"......Incomplete
5. "this" demonstratve pronoun
"This " leads . Demonstrative pronouns are used as adj..here "This" qualifies "leads"
so, safely IMO D
the growing pension liabilities; this leads -pronoun-subj problem
their growing pension liabilities; leading -participle starting independent clause
the growth in their pension liabilities, which leads -which refers liabilities
their growing pension liabilities, leading -
correct
their growing pension liabilities, that leads-that refers to liabilities
their growing pension liabilities; leading -participle starting independent clause
the growth in their pension liabilities, which leads -which refers liabilities
their growing pension liabilities, leading -
correct
their growing pension liabilities, that leads-that refers to liabilities
Last edited by raunekk on Fri Dec 05, 2008 3:32 am, edited 2 times in total.
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ronniecoleman
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Municipal governments are beginning to confront the growing pension liabilities; this leads local politicians throughout the country to become increasingly vocal about restraining costs and limiting services.
the growing pension liabilities; this leads
"this" refers to ? , not clear
their growing pension liabilities; leading
Wrong use of semicolon.
the growth in their pension liabilities, which leads
which wrongly refers to "pension liabilities" and not to their growth.
their growing pension liabilities, leading
Maintains parallelism CORRECT
Leading local .......................... limiting services.
their growing pension liabilities, that leads
comma before that ....almost wrong on GMAT
also "that" referring to pension liabilities and not their growth.
the growing pension liabilities; this leads
"this" refers to ? , not clear
their growing pension liabilities; leading
Wrong use of semicolon.
the growth in their pension liabilities, which leads
which wrongly refers to "pension liabilities" and not to their growth.
their growing pension liabilities, leading
Maintains parallelism CORRECT
Leading local .......................... limiting services.
their growing pension liabilities, that leads
comma before that ....almost wrong on GMAT
also "that" referring to pension liabilities and not their growth.
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mehravikas
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Sorry for opening an old thread.
I agree that C is incorrect but not for the reason you have stated. IMO in C which refers to growth. There is no singular plural issue. For example - the rate at which fatty foods are consumed.
this sentence is correct as is and you can see that rate is singular while foods is plural.
I agree that C is incorrect but not for the reason you have stated. IMO in C which refers to growth. There is no singular plural issue. For example - the rate at which fatty foods are consumed.
this sentence is correct as is and you can see that rate is singular while foods is plural.
iamcste wrote:
3. Subject verb agreement: In C, "which" points to liabilities and "liabilities lead " and not "leads".
2 and 3 together, eliminate C
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papgust
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I'm not sure what exactly you are asking, but iamcste has stated the correct reason in my opinion.
first of all, leads/leading should modify the term "growth" and not "liabilities" in terms of context of the sentence. In C, which clearly refers to "liabilities" and not "growth". But even we are not considering the context here, construction in C is still incorrect because liabilities is plural and must be followed by "lead" and not "leads"
first of all, leads/leading should modify the term "growth" and not "liabilities" in terms of context of the sentence. In C, which clearly refers to "liabilities" and not "growth". But even we are not considering the context here, construction in C is still incorrect because liabilities is plural and must be followed by "lead" and not "leads"
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mehravikas
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I just want to ensure the following are correct:
[Singular], which [Singular]
[Plural], which [plural]
and the following are wrong:
[Plural], which [singular]
[singular], which [plural]
[Singular], which [Singular]
[Plural], which [plural]
and the following are wrong:
[Plural], which [singular]
[singular], which [plural]
papgust wrote:I'm not sure what exactly you are asking, but iamcste has stated the correct reason in my opinion.
first of all, leads/leading should modify the term "growth" and not "liabilities" in terms of context of the sentence. In C, which clearly refers to "liabilities" and not "growth". But even we are not considering the context here, construction in C is still incorrect because liabilities is plural and must be followed by "lead" and not "leads"
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loveusonu
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"Municipal governments are beginning to confront the growing pension liabilities" -->This action leads to poloticians vocal abt..bsandhyav wrote:Municipal governments are beginning to confront the growing pension liabilities; this leads local politicians throughout the country to become increasingly vocal about restraining costs and limiting services.
the growing pension liabilities; this leads
their growing pension liabilities; leading
the growth in their pension liabilities, which leads
their growing pension liabilities, leading
their growing pension liabilities, that leads
This, that, which can't refer to whole action in such only comma + present participle can modify the whole idea hence D at first glance itself.
Sonu
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lunarpower
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actually it's possible for "which" in (c) to refer to the noun phrase "growth in their pension liabilities".papgust wrote:I'm not sure what exactly you are asking, but iamcste has stated the correct reason in my opinion.
first of all, leads/leading should modify the term "growth" and not "liabilities" in terms of context of the sentence. In C, which clearly refers to "liabilities" and not "growth". But even we are not considering the context here, construction in C is still incorrect because liabilities is plural and must be followed by "lead" and not "leads"
here's the basic summary:
if you have "X + preposition + Y, which..."
then:
* if Y works (in terms of both grammar and common sense) as the antecedent of "which", then "which" should stand for Y.
* if Y doesn't work as the antecedent, but "X + prep + Y" DOES work, then "which" can stand for "X (+ prep + Y)".
see this problem for an example of the latter.
this problem fits the same template, so it's quite possible that this "which" would be allowed. (that answer choice still has other issues, though.)
Last edited by lunarpower on Thu May 19, 2011 3:32 pm, edited 1 time in total.
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mmslf75
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Thanks Ron, i am kinda reliving those queries I put to you on Aug9th 09, before my first GMAT attemptpapgust wrote:I'm not sure what exactly you are asking, but iamcste has stated the correct reason in my opinion.
first of all, leads/leading should modify the term "growth" and not "liabilities" in terms of context of the sentence. In C, which clearly refers to "liabilities" and not "growth". But even we are not considering the context here, construction in C is still incorrect because liabilities is plural and must be followed by "lead" and not "leads"
@papgust
You may refer this link as well
https://www.beatthegmat.com/which-usage-t42599.html
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The framed painting of the Statue of Liberty, which was dusty, has been removed for cleaning.
The presentation on bridges, which was informative, has really sparked interest in engineering careers.
The retail sales were slowed because of weather, which was colder and wetter than usual
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mmslf75
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Ron,lunarpower wrote:actually it's possible for "which" in (c) to refer to the noun phrase "growth in their pension liabilities".papgust wrote:I'm not sure what exactly you are asking, but iamcste has stated the correct reason in my opinion.
first of all, leads/leading should modify the term "growth" and not "liabilities" in terms of context of the sentence. In C, which clearly refers to "liabilities" and not "growth". But even we are not considering the context here, construction in C is still incorrect because liabilities is plural and must be followed by "lead" and not "leads"
here's the basic summary:
if you have "X of Y, which..."
then:
* if Y works as the antecedent of "which", then "which" should stand for Y.
* if Y doesn't work as the antecedent, but "X of Y" DOES work, then "which" can stand for "X of Y".
see this problem for an example of the latter.
this problem fits the same template, so it's quite possible that this "which" would be allowed. (that answer choice still has other issues, though.)
In E , can THAT refer to anything before a COMMA ?
I rememeber one of your sentence
I want a TV, with a remote, that is black
am i getting it right that --- that may refer to anything before the comma "if the fragment is in a pair of commas " ?
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lunarpower
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well, that's not the right way to think about the situation.mmslf75 wrote:In E , can THAT refer to anything before a COMMA ?
I rememeber one of your sentence
I want a TV, with a remote, that is black
am i getting it right that --- that may refer to anything before the comma "if the fragment is in a pair of commas " ?
the right way to think about the situation is to consider the base sentence - "i want a tv that is black" - ignoring the modifier.
when the modifier is placed into the sentence, it comes WITH the commas (as a sort of "package deal").
here's the thing: it's possible to put a modifier with commas in LOTS of different places in sentences like these. if you're going to consider every different such placement as a completely separate sentence structure, you're going to create hundreds of "new" sentence structures that aren't really different at all.
for instance:
according to archaeologists, Mt. X is the site of many buried dinosaur fossils.
Mt. X is the site, archaeologists have said, of many buried dinosaur fossils.
Mt. X is, archaeologists have said, the site of many buried dinosaur fossils.
etc.
these are ALL legitimate sentence structures. overall, they're clearly the same sentence, but your type of analysis is going to consider them all to be "different".
if i were you, i wouldn't do that (unless you delight in the possibility of having 3-4 times as many different sentence structures to consider).
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Pueden hacerle preguntas a Ron en castellano
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