Sentence Correction

The direction in which the Earth and the other solid planets - Mercury, Venus, and Mars - spins were determined from collisions with giant celestial bodies in the early history of the Solar System.

a. spins were determined from
b. spins were determined because of
c. spins was determined through
d. spin was determined by
e. spin was determined as a result of

OA D
My doubt

I recognize that "the direction was determined by collisions" could imply a consious determination on the part of the collisions to choose a direction and hence I choose E
Please can someone explain

Please Dont say Choice E is redundant ...

Hi agarwalva:

The simple answer is "determined by" is the correct idiom.
The other correct idiom is "be a result of" (and its different forms).
1. Correct and concise: A was determined by B.
2. Correct and concise: A was a result of B.
3. (In)correct and wordy: A was determined to be a result of B.
I know you said no redundancy be quoted, however if you compare the two sentences above, you can see that determined/result is a redundant.
4. Incorrect: A was determined as a result of B.

The conscious determination thing:
Note that one shows a conscious choice, the other, not so much.

1. His salary was determined by his boss (YES)
2. His salary was determined by his fate (NO).

Also you could write the second sentence as:
3. His salary was a result of his fate.

Let me know if this helps
Let me know if this helps