Sentence Correction

Unlike the United States, Japanese unions appear reluctant to organize lower-paid workers.
(A) Unlike the United States, Japanese unions appear reluctant to organize
(B) Unlike those in the United States, Japanese unions appear reluctant to organize
(C) In Japan, unlike the United States, unions appear reluctant to organize
(D) Japanese unions, unlike the United States, appear reluctant to organize
(E) Japanese unions, unlike those in the United States, appear reluctant about organizing

A,D wrong because of wrong comparison.

Why C is wrong?

I believe E should be right. But OA is B. I know reluctant to is correct idiom. But when I referred to below questions, a doubt came up in the usage of 'those'.



Like most religions, the teachings of Sikhism are codified in a book.
(A) Like most religions, the teachings of Sikhism are codified in
(B) Like most other religions, the teachings of Sikhism are codified in
(C) Sikhism's teachings, like those of most other religions, are codified in
(D) For their codification, like the teachings of most religions, Sikhism has
(E) Like those of most religions, Sikhism has codified its teachings in


I read explanation:A pronoun like "those" must refer back to an already-expressed noun, so "those" must follow "teachings.


Experts Please help.

vishalwin wrote:Unlike the United States, Japanese unions appear reluctant to organize lower-paid workers.
(A) Unlike the United States, Japanese unions appear reluctant to organize
(B) Unlike those in the United States, Japanese unions appear reluctant to organize
(C) In Japan, unlike the United States, unions appear reluctant to organize
(D) Japanese unions, unlike the United States, appear reluctant to organize
(E) Japanese unions, unlike those in the United States, appear reluctant about organizing

Check my two posts here:
https://www.beatthegmat.com/sc-q10-in-11 ... 43118.html

Like most religions, the teachings of Sikhism are codified in a book.
(A) Like most religions, the teachings of Sikhism are codified in
(B) Like most other religions, the teachings of Sikhism are codified in
(C) Sikhism's teachings, like those of most other religions, are codified in
(D) For their codification, like the teachings of most religions, Sikhism has
(E) Like those of most religions, Sikhism has codified its teachings in

I read explanation:A pronoun like "those" must refer back to an already-expressed noun, so "those" must follow "teachings.

The explanation above is incorrect.
E can be eliminated because it breaks the following rule:

When an introductory modifier includes a pronoun without an antecedent, the referent for the pronoun must be the FIRST WORD of the main clause.

E: Like those of most religions, Sikhism has codified its teachings.
Here, the introductory modifier includes those, a pronoun without an antecedent.
The intended referent for those is teachings.
Since teachings is NOT the first word of the main clause, eliminate E.

Found the explanation I was looking for at
https://www.beatthegmat.com/sc-q10-in-11 ... 43118.html

removing my question.

Thanks