I totally bombed this whole reading

I got 1 out 6 questions right on this single passage. Please help (since there weren't any explanations for the answers)

When A. Philip Randolph assumed the
leadership of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
Porters, he began a ten-year battle to win recognition
from the Pullman Company, the largest private
employer of Black people in the United States and
the company that controlled the railroad industry's
sleeping car and parlor service. In 1935 the
Brotherhood became the first Black union recognized
by a major corporation. Randolph's efforts in the
battle helped transform the attitude of Black workers
toward unions and toward themselves as an
identifiable group; eventually, Randolph helped to
weaken organized labor's antagonism toward Black
workers.

In the Pullman contest Randolph faced
formidable obstacles. The first was Black workers'
understandable skepticism toward unions, which had
historically barred Black workers from membership.
An additional obstacle was the union that Pullman
itself had formed, which weakened support among
Black workers for an independent entity.

The Brotherhood possessed a number of
advantages, however, including Randolph's own
tactical abilities. In 1928 he took the bold step of
threatening a strike against Pullman. Such a threat, on
a national scale, under Black leadership, helped
replace the stereotype of the Black worker as servant
with the image of the Black worker as wage earner.
In addition, the porters' very isolation aided the
Brotherhood. Porters were scattered throughout the
country, sleeping in dormitories in Black
communities; their segregated life protected the
union's internal communications from interception.
That the porters were a homogeneous group working
for a single employer with a single labor policy, thus
sharing the same grievances from city to city, also
strengthened the Brotherhood and encouraged racial
identity and solidarity as well. But it was only in the
early 1930's that federal legislation prohibiting a
company from maintaining its own unions with
company money eventually allowed the Brotherhood
to become recognized as the porters' representative.

Not content with this triumph, Randolph brought
the Brotherhood into the American Federation of
Labor, where it became the equal of the Federation's
105 other unions. He reasoned that as a member
union, the Brotherhood would be in a better position
to exert pressure on member unions that practiced
race restrictions. Such restrictions were eventually
found unconstitutional in 1944.

13. According to the passage, by 1935 the skepticism of
Black workers toward unions was
(A) unchanged except among Black employees of
railroad-related industries
(B) reinforced by the actions of the Pullman
Company's union
(C) mitigated by the efforts of Randolph
(D) weakened by the opening up of many unions to
Black workers
(E) largely alleviated because of the policies of the
American Federation of Labor

14. In using the word "understandable" (line 14), the
author most clearly conveys
(A) sympathy with attempts by the Brotherhood
between 1925 and 1935 to establish an
independent union
(B) concern that the obstacles faced by Randolph
between 1925 and 1935 were indeed formidable
(C) ambivalence about the significance of unions to
most Black workers in the 1920's
(D) appreciation of the attitude of many Black
workers in the 1920's toward unions
(E) regret at the historical attitude of unions toward
Black workers

15. The passage suggests which of the following about
the response of porters to the Pullman Company's
own union?
(A) Few porters ever joined this union.
(B) Some porters supported this union before 1935.
(C) Porters, more than other Pullman employees,
enthusiastically supported this union.
(D) The porters' response was most positive after
1935.
(E) The porters' response was unaffected by the
general skepticism of Black workers concerning
unions.

16. The passage suggests that if the grievances of porters
in one part of the United States had been different
from those of porters in another part of the country,
which of the following would have been the case?
(A) It would have been more difficult for the Pullman
Company to have had a single labor policy.
(B) It would have been more difficult for the
Brotherhood to control its channels of
communication.
(C) It would have been more difficult for the
Brotherhood to build its membership.
(D) It would have been easier for the Pullman
Company's union to attract membership.
(E) It would have been easier for the Brotherhood to
threaten strikes.

17. The passage suggests that in the 1920's a company in
the United States was able to
(A) use its own funds to set up a union
(B) require its employees to join the company's own
union
(C) develop a single labor policy for all its employees
with little employee dissent
(D) pressure its employees to contribute money to
maintain the company's own union
(E) use its resources to prevent the passage of federal
legislation that would have facilitated the
formation of independent unions

18. The passage supplies information concerning which
of the following matters related to Randolph?
(A) The steps he took to initiate the founding of the
Brotherhood
(B) His motivation for bringing the Brotherhood into
the American Federation of Labor
(C) The influence he had on the passage of legislation
overturning race restrictions in 1944
(D) The influence he had on the passage of legislation
to bar companies from financing their own unions
(E) The success he and the Brotherhood had in
influencing the policies of the other unions in the
American Federation of Labor

[spoiler]OAs are:
13. C
14. D
15. B
16. C
17. A
18. B [/spoiler]

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