Reading Comprehension

The fields of antebellum (pre-Civil
War) political history and women's history
use separate sources and focus
Line on separate issues. Political historians
(5) , examining sources such as voting
records, newspapers, and politicians'
writings, focus on the emergence in the
1840's of a new "American political
nation," and since women were neither
(10) voters nor politicians, they receive little
discussion. Women's historians, meanwhile,
have shown little interest in the
subject of party politics, instead drawing
on personal papers, legal records
(15) such as wills, and records of female
associations to illuminate women's
domestic lives, their moral reform
activities, and the emergence of the
woman's rights movement.
(20) However, most historians have
underestimated the extent and significance
of women's political allegiance
in the antebellum period. For example,
in the presidential election campaigns
(25) of the 1840's, the Virginia Whig party
strove to win the allegiance of Virginia's
women by inviting them to rallies and
speeches. According to Whig propaganda,
women who turned out at the
(30) party's rallies gathered information
that enabled them to mold party-loyal
families, reminded men of moral values
that transcended party loyalty, and conferred
moral standing on the party.
(35) Virginia Democrats, in response,
began to make similar appeals to
women as well. By the mid-1850's
the inclusion of women in the rituals of
party politics had become common-
(40) place, and the ideology that justified
such inclusion had been assimilated
by the Democrats.
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Q4:
The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to
A. examine the tactics of antebellum political parties with regard to women
B. trace the effect of politics on the emergence of the woman's rights movement
C. point out a deficiency in the study of a particular historical period
D. discuss the ideologies of opposing antebellum political parties
E. contrast the methodologies in two differing fields of historical inquiry
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Q5:
According to the second paragraph of the passage (lines 20-42), Whig propaganda
included the assertion that
A. women should enjoy more political rights than they did
B. women were the most important influences on political attitudes within a family
C. women's reform activities reminded men of important moral values
D. women's demonstrations at rallies would influence men's voting behavior
E. women's presence at rallies would enhance the moral standing of the party
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Q6:
According to the passage, which of the following was true of Virginia Democrats in the
mid-1850's?
A. They feared that their party was losing its strong moral foundation.
B. They believed that the Whigs' inclusion of women in party politics had led to the
Whigs' success in many elections.
C. They created an ideology that justified the inclusion of women in party politics.
D. They wanted to demonstrate that they were in support of the woman's rights
movement.
E. They imitated the Whigs' efforts to include women in the rituals of party politics

Ans E,E,C?

Good RC Strategy

Step 1 - Read the Passage ---> Do a Passage Map!

Step 2 - Rephrase the Question

Step 3 - Write Down a Prediction (Go Back to the Passage!)

Step 4 - Eliminate 3 Choices (Use "+", "-"", and "?" Symbols)

Step 5 - Carefully Compare the "Final Two"

Questions to Ask:

- Does the Wrong Answer Use Unnecessary Extreme Language?

- Is the Wrong Answer Outside the Scope of the Passage?

- Is the Wrong Answer Not Specifically Answering THIS Question?

- Can I Rephrase the Wrong Answer to Make It More Understandably Incorrect?

First, let's re-format the passage so we can see how the author organizes it:

The fields of antebellum (pre-Civil War) political history and women's history use separate sources and focus on separate issues. Political historians, examining sources such as voting records, newspapers, and politicians' writings, focus on the emergence in the 1840's of a new "American political nation," and since women were neither voters nor politicians, they receive little discussion. Women's historians, meanwhile, have shown little interest in the subject of party politics, instead drawing on personal papers, legal records such as wills, and records of female associations to illuminate women's domestic lives, their moral reform activities, and the emergence of the woman's rights movement.

However, most historians have underestimated the extent and significance of women's political allegiance in the antebellum period. For example, in the presidential election campaigns of the 1840's, the Virginia Whig party strove to win the allegiance of Virginia's women by inviting them to rallies and speeches. According to Whig propaganda, women who turned out at the party's rallies gathered information that enabled them to mold party-loyal families, reminded men of moral values that transcended party loyalty, and conferred moral standing on the party. Virginia Democrats, in response, began to make similar appeals to women as well. By the mid-1850's the inclusion of women in the rituals of party politics had become commonplace and the ideology that justified such inclusion had been assimilated by the Democrats.

We've got two paragraphs, so I'd break them down on our scratch pad as below. I highlighted the keywords from the passage that stuck out to me and upon which I based my inferences.

STEP 1 - Passage Map

Topic: history fields
Scope: how they differ
1: to describe how sources/foci of fields differ
2: to exemplify how 1 field underestimates the other
Author's POV: political historians (-); women's history (+)
Purpose: to explain how 2 fields differ, and why that's not (+)

Now we're in a great position to try a question!

Q4:

The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to

STEP 2 - Rephrase: What's the purpose?
STEP 3 - Prediction: to explain how 2 fields differ, and why that's not (+)

A. examine the tactics of antebellum political parties with regard to women
B. trace the effect of politics on the emergence of the woman's rights movement
C. point out a deficiency in the study of a particular historical period
D. discuss the ideologies of opposing antebellum political parties
E. contrast the methodologies in two differing fields of historical inquiry

STEP 4 - First pass:

A. (-) too specific to paragraph 2
B. (?) a little too specific to paragraph 2, but poss. long-shot
C. (+) potentially too negative in tone, but maybe
D. (-) the passage's topic is not political parties
E. (+) a great fit for the first paragraph, but potentially leaves out paragraph 2

STEP 5 - Second pass:

The "final two" are C and E, since those are the only two options with a (+) mark. So let's carefully examine the subtle differences between them.

C. point out a deficiency in the study of a particular historical period
E. contrast the methodologies in two differing fields of historical inquiry

Let's rephrase each one:

C. show (-) in antebellum study
E. contrast HOW 2 fields studied

What it comes down to is whether we believe the ultimate purpose of this passage is INFORMATIONAL or PERSUASIVE. It's tough, because the first paragraph is largely informational, and then the second paragraph is largely persuasive (it's rare to see a passage so "split" like this, and this is not an actual GMAC passage, so we can have some healthy suspicion regarding its quality).

Which one should we choose, C or E? This is a MAIN IDEA question, and the correct answer must be the most broad choice that does not step outside the scope of the passage. Since the last half of the passage is persuasive, we could argue that the first paragraph only serves to drive us towards the author's strong opinion. If we choose (E) here, we are not addressing the final paragraph at all. (E) is really more like the function of the first paragraph only. (C) best matches the overall passage and does an excellent job of matching the author's point of view.

The answer must be [spoiler](C)[/spoiler].

Takeaway: If a passage seems "split" between informational/persuasive, look closely at the language of the concluding paragraph. Is the author trying to end with a decisive opinion? If so, it's really a persuasive passage with some informational exposition. What really sold me on C is the strong opinion given in the first sentence of the second paragraph. The author really lays down a thesis, and then provides a detailed example to back himself up. He's obviously passionate.

Remember to analyze the "final two" answer choices throughly. You can always rephrase them, consider the scope of each one, the specificity of the question-type, and look for extreme/qualifying language. Don't just read and re-read answer choices as they are presented to you. Think critically!

Best,
Vivian

When you first read a passage, focus on the author's DICTION.
The details are not that important.
What matters is HOW those details are expressed.

Paragraph 1: Since women were neither voters nor politicians, they receive little discussion.
Implication of the portion in red:
Political historians are WRONG.
The role of women should receive MORE DISCUSSION.

Paragraph 1: Women's historians, meanwhile, have shown little interest in the subject of party politics.
implication of the portion in red:
Women's historians are WRONG.
They should show MORE INTEREST in the subject of party politics.

Paragraph 2: Most historians have underestimated the extent and significance of women's political allegiance in the antebellum period.
Implication of the portion in red:
Most historians are WRONG.
They have UNDERESTIMATED the role of women.

In both paragraphs, the choice of language makes the author's position clear:
Historians are WRONG not to discuss the role of women in antebellum politics.

The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to

A. examine the tactics of antebellum political parties with regard to women
B. trace the effect of politics on the emergence of the woman's rights movement
C. point out a deficiency in the study of a particular historical period
D. discuss the ideologies of opposing antebellum political parties
E. contrast the methodologies in two differing fields of historical inquiry

Only C describes the author's primary purpose: to point out a DEFICIENCY -- that historians are WRONG not to discuss the role of women in antebellum politics.

The correct answer is C.