Sentence Correction

There are many doubts/queries across different forums about the usage of double and twice, however, many of us still run in doubts for thier correct usage.

An example question :

American productivity is declining in relation to Europe's; the energy expended per unit of production in the United States is as much as twice that expended in West Germany.
(A) as much as twice that expended in West Germany
(B) as much as twice that of West Germany's expenditure
(C) up to two times of West Germany's expenditure
(D) up to two times what West Germans expended
(E) up to double the West German expenditure

The odds are about 4 to 1 against surviving a takeover offer, and many business consultants therefore advise that a company's first line of defense in eluding offers like these be to even refuse to take calls from likely corporate raiders.

(A) that a company's first line of defense in eluding offers like these be to even refuse

(B) that a company's first line of defense in eluding such offers be to refuse even

(C) a company defending itself against offers of this kind that, as a first line of defense, they should even refuse

(D) companies which are defending themselves against such an offer that, as a first line of defense, they should even refuse

(E) that the first line of defense for a company who is eluding offers like these is the refusal even


Could someone explain how to use twice and double correctly and why ?

I already have following information collected from various sources .
"Twice":
"Twice" CANNOT function as an object of the preposition such as "by".
"Twice" is an adverb.
Example:
"... increased by more than twice .." -- WRONG!
On a similar note, "DOUBLE" is an adjective and can not modify verb, but since "Twice" is an adverb it can modify Verb.
Example:-
The same amount of acreage produces double the apple.... -- WRONG
The same amount of acreage produces twice as many apples..... -CORRECT
"twice as many as":

"..., twice as many as ..." is an APPOSITIVE modifier. Appositives must modify some noun that comes immediately before the comma.

correct usage is as much as, throw rest options out. Now between A and B

A is correct, as it clearly compares the energy expended not like B that is comparing to West germany's expenditure

IMO its A -

1) correct idiom - As Much As
2) option A also maintains the parallelism -

"unit of production in the United States is as much as twice that expended in West Germany. "