dear friends,
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) had long been expected to announce a reduction in output to bolster sagging oil prices, but officials of the organization just recently announced that the group will pare daily production by 1.5 million barrels by the beginning of next year, but only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were to trim output by a total of 500,000 barrels a day
A. year, but only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were to trim output
B. year, but only if the output of non-OPEC nations, which includes Norway, Mexico, and Russia, is trimmed
C. year only if the output of non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, would be trimmed
D. year only if non-OPEC nations, which includes Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were trimming output
E. year only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, trim output
anyone here can help clarify the difference between "which includes" and "including"
thanks a lot .
sc -- OPEC announced
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- ceilidh.erickson
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This question is #40 in OG 13/2015 (please always cite your sources).
Even if B and D we corrected to say "which include," though, there would be a meaning change:
only if non-OPEC nations, which include Norway, Mexico, and Russia... --> the "which" clause modifies "nations," telling us who these nations are. Norway, Mexico, and Russia are included in the group.
only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, trim output... --> "including" is an adverbial modifier, telling us that Norway, Mexico, and Russia are included in the action of trimming output.
Does that clarify?
The relative pronoun "which" must always refer to the noun (or noun phrase) directly before it. In this context, a "which" modifying "non-OPEC nations" would be perfectly acceptable... except that answer choices B and D have subject/verb disagreement. "Which includes" is singular. In B, that would refer to "output"; in D, there is no singular subject for that verb.The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) had long been expected to announce a reduction in output to bolster sagging oil prices, but officials of the organization just recently announced that the group will pare daily production by 1.5 million barrels by the beginning of next year, but only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were to trim output by a total of 500,000 barrels a day
A. year, but only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were to trim output
B. year, but only if the output of non-OPEC nations, which includes Norway, Mexico, and Russia, is trimmed
C. year only if the output of non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, would be trimmed
D. year only if non-OPEC nations, which includes Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were trimming output
E. year only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, trim output
Even if B and D we corrected to say "which include," though, there would be a meaning change:
only if non-OPEC nations, which include Norway, Mexico, and Russia... --> the "which" clause modifies "nations," telling us who these nations are. Norway, Mexico, and Russia are included in the group.
only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, trim output... --> "including" is an adverbial modifier, telling us that Norway, Mexico, and Russia are included in the action of trimming output.
Does that clarify?
Ceilidh Erickson
EdM in Mind, Brain, and Education
Harvard Graduate School of Education
EdM in Mind, Brain, and Education
Harvard Graduate School of Education
- vinni.k
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A. If....were (incorrect because non-underlined part has "will" so we need present tense
B. Passive construction and "which" is not correct word used for this purpose so use "ïncluding"
C. If...would ("would" cannot be used with "if")
D. Same problem as A
E. If....trim (correct--> need present tense)
Thanks
Vinni
B. Passive construction and "which" is not correct word used for this purpose so use "ïncluding"
C. If...would ("would" cannot be used with "if")
D. Same problem as A
E. If....trim (correct--> need present tense)
Thanks
Vinni
thanks so much ceilidh.ceilidh.erickson wrote:Even if B and D we corrected to say "which include," though, there would be a meaning change:
only if non-OPEC nations, which include Norway, Mexico, and Russia... --> the "which" clause modifies "nations," telling us who these nations are. Norway, Mexico, and Russia are included in the group.
only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, trim output... --> "including" is an adverbial modifier, telling us that Norway, Mexico, and Russia are included in the action of trimming output.
Does that clarify?
it seems a difficult for me to distinct these difference rapidly.
would you please give me more examples?
i read one thread in MAHATTAN forum, it mentions that you can view "including" as "such as"...i tried seems i am still confused it.
BTW, it is Q36 OG 16.
thanks a lot
have a nice day.
>_~