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Here, subject is in the form X(variety) of Y(approaches), and X(variety) is in singular form so verb(include) should also be in singular form i.e. includes and so option B should be correct. Please resolve.
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1. Notice that in each of the first 4 options the first word is WHICH. This relative pronoun is next to APPROACHES, and this proximity already means that it is much more likely to refer to APPROACHES than to VARIETY: therefore, the subsequent verb should be plural. Nevertheless, if you are in doubt, ask yourself about the logic of the situation: would it make any sense to say that VARIETY includes REDUCING EMPLOYMENT and USING NEW TECHNOLOGY? Clearly, it is the APPROACHES that do these things, not the VARIETY. You seem to have the idea that when you have a subject such as A VARIETY OF APPROACHES or A TROOP OF SOLDIERS or THE CATALOGUE OF PRODUCTS the verb must agree with the first noun in each phrase. Nevertheless, this is not necessarily the case.
Look at these examples:
The catalogue of products is lying on the table. (The CATALOGUE is lying, so the verb is singular.)
The catalogue of products that have been added to the inventory is lying on the table. (The relative clause that have been added to the inventory modifies PRODUCTS and the verb is therefore plural; the second clause, on the other hand, has a singular verb, IS LYING, because its subject is CATALOGUE.
2. In option C of your example there is a grammatically-correct and logical relationship between APPROACHES, the relative pronoun, and the verb INCLUDE. There are also the two first parts of a three-part parallel structure: REDUCING ... USING ... AND FINDING. In option B, the verbs are also parallel, but the phrase using new technology to be more efficient in pumping oil is verbose and unidiomatic, and leaves unclear who or what is going TO BE MORE EFFICIENT.
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Look at these examples:
The catalogue of products is lying on the table. (The CATALOGUE is lying, so the verb is singular.)
The catalogue of products that have been added to the inventory is lying on the table. (The relative clause that have been added to the inventory modifies PRODUCTS and the verb is therefore plural; the second clause, on the other hand, has a singular verb, IS LYING, because its subject is CATALOGUE.
2. In option C of your example there is a grammatically-correct and logical relationship between APPROACHES, the relative pronoun, and the verb INCLUDE. There are also the two first parts of a three-part parallel structure: REDUCING ... USING ... AND FINDING. In option B, the verbs are also parallel, but the phrase using new technology to be more efficient in pumping oil is verbose and unidiomatic, and leaves unclear who or what is going TO BE MORE EFFICIENT.
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You can also visit us at https://www.xgmat.com/[/i]
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- ceilidh.erickson
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You're making an incorrect assumption here. A modifier beginning with WHICH does not have to modify the subject of the clause overall, nor does it have to modify the noun directly before it. We must use meaning to dictate which noun is being modified.eitijan wrote:Here, subject is in the form X(variety) of Y(approaches), and X(variety) is in singular form so verb(include) should also be in singular form i.e. includes and so option B should be correct. Please resolve.
Consider:
My sister brought a basket of apples, which is sitting on the table. --> WHICH modifies BASKET
My sister brought a basket of apples, which are delicious. --> WHICH modifies APPLES
Both make sense, and both are perfectly grammatically correct. The WHICH itself is the subject of the subordinate clause, and whether the verb should be singular or plural depends on whether the WHICH is modifying a singular or plural.
As Fabio pointed out, the only meaning that makes sense in this context is for APPROACHES to INCLUDE. It does not make sense for a VARIETY to INCLUDE.
Ceilidh Erickson
EdM in Mind, Brain, and Education
Harvard Graduate School of Education
EdM in Mind, Brain, and Education
Harvard Graduate School of Education
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- ceilidh.erickson
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If you want more guidance on how to determine which noun a WHICH is referring to, see here:
https://www.beatthegmat.com/noun-phrase- ... tml#570781
https://www.beatthegmat.com/emily-dickin ... tml#563839
https://www.beatthegmat.com/noun-phrase- ... tml#570781
https://www.beatthegmat.com/emily-dickin ... tml#563839
Ceilidh Erickson
EdM in Mind, Brain, and Education
Harvard Graduate School of Education
EdM in Mind, Brain, and Education
Harvard Graduate School of Education