Reading Comprehension

In contrast to traditional analyses of minority busi-
ness, the sociological analysis contends that minority
business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that
it is largely dependent upon social-group resources for
(5) its development. Specifically, this analysis indicates that
support networks play a critical role in starting and
maintaining minority business enterprises by providing
owners with a range of assistance, from the informal
encouragement of family members and friends to
(10) dependable sources of labor and clientele from the
owner's ethnic group. Such self-help networks, which
encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs,
consist of "primary" institutions, those closest to the
individual in shaping his or her behavior and beliefs.
(15) They are characterized by the face-to-face association
and cooperation of persons united by ties of mutual
concern. They form an intermediate social level between
the individual and larger "secondary " institutions based
on impersonal relationships. Primary institutions
(20) comprising the support network include kinship, peer,
and neighborhood or community subgroups.
A major function of self-help networks is financial
support. Most scholars agree that minority business
owners have depended primarily on family funds and
(25) ethnic community resources for investment capital .
Personal savings have been accumulated, often through
frugal living habits that require sacrifices by the entire
family and are thus a product of long-term family finan-
cial behavior. Additional loans and gifts from relatives.
(30) forthcoming because of group obligation rather than
narrow investment calculation, have supplemented
personal savings. Individual entrepreneurs do not neces-
sarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain finan-
cial backing from commercial resources. They may actu-
(35) ally avoid banks because they assume that commercial
institutions either cannot comprehend the special needs
of minority enterprise or charge unreasonably high
interest rates.
Within the larger ethnic community, rotating credit
(40) associations have been used to raise capital. These asso-
ciations are informal clubs of friends and other trusted
members of the ethnic group who make regular contri-
butions to a fund that is given to each contributor in
rotation. One author estimates that 40 percent of New
(45)York Chinatown firms established during 1900-1950
utilized such associations as their initial source of
capital. However, recent immigrants and third or fourth
generations of older groups now employ rotating credit
associations only occasionally to raise investment funds.
(50) Some groups, like Black Americans, found other means
of financial support for their entrepreneurial efforts.The
first Black-operated banks were created in the late nine-
teenth century as depositories for dues collected from
fraternal or lodge groups, which themselves had sprung
(55) from Black churches. Black banks made limited invest-
ments in other Black enterprises. Irish immigrants in
American cities organized many building and loan asso-
ciations to provide capital for home construction and
purchase. They. in turn, provided work for many Irish
(60) home-building contractor firms. Other ethnic and
minority groups followed similar practices in founding
ethnic-directed financial institutions.


1. Based on the information in the passage. it would be
LEAST likely for which of the following persons to be
part of a self-help network?
(A) The entrepreneur's childhood friend
(B) The entrepreneur's aunt
(C) The entrepreneur's religious leader
(D) The entrepreneur's neighbor
(E) The entrepreneur's banker

2. Which of the following illustrates the working of a self-
help support network, as such networks are described
in the passage?
(A) A public high school offers courses in book-keeping
and accounting as part of its open-enrollment adult
education program.
(B) The local government in a small city sets up a
program that helps teen-agers find summer jobs.
(C) A major commercial bank offers low-interest loans
to experienced individuals who hope to establish
their own businesses.
(D) A neighborhood-based fraternal organization
develops a program of on-the-job training for its
members and their friends.
(E) A community college offers country residents
training programs that can lead to certification in a
variety of technical trades.

3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage
about rotating credit associations?
(A) They were developed exclusively by Chinese
immigrants.
(B) They accounted for a significant portion of the
investment capital used by Chinese immigrants in
New York in the early twentieth century.
(C) Third-generation members of an immigrant group
who started businesses in the 1920's would have
been unlikely to rely on them.
(D) They were frequently joint endeavors by members
of two or three different ethnic groups.
(E) Recent immigrants still frequently turn to rotating
credit associations instead of banks for investment
capital.

4. The passage best supports which of the following
statements?
(A) A minority entrepreneur who had no assistance from
family members would not be able to start a
business.
(B) Self-help networks have been effective in helping
entrepreneurs primarily in the last 50 years.
(C) Minority groups have developed a range of
alternatives to standard financing of business
ventures.
(D) The financial institutions founded by various ethnic
groups owe their success to their unique formal
organization.
(E) Successful minority-owned businesses succeed
primarily because of the personal strengths of their
founders.

5. Which of the following best describes the organization
of the second paragraph?
(A) An argument is delineated, followed by a
counterargument.
(B) An assertion is made and several examples are
provided to illustrate it.
(C) A situation is described and its historical
background is then outlined.
(D) An example of a phenomenon is given and is then
used as a basis for general conclusions.
(E) A group of parallel incidents is described and the
distinctions among the incidents are then clarified.

6. According to the passage, once a minority-owned
business is established, self-help networks contribute
which of the following to that business?
(A) Information regarding possible expansion of the
business into nearby communities
(B) Encouragement of a business climate that is nearly
free of direct competition
(C) Opportunities for the business owner to reinvest
profits in other minority-owned businesses
(D) Contact with people who are likely to be customers
of the new business
(E) Contact with minority entrepreneurs who are
members of other ethnic groups

7. It can be inferred from the passage that traditional
analyses of minority business would be LEAST likely
to do which of the following?
(A) Examine businesses primarily in their social
contexts
(B) Focus on current, rather than historical, examples
of business enterprises
(C) Stress common experiences of individual
entrepreneurs in starting businesses
(D) Focus on the maintenance of businesses, rather
than means of starting them
(E) Focus on the role of individual entrepreneurs in
starting a business

8. Which of the following can be inferred from the
passage about the Irish building and loan
associations mentioned in the last paragraph?
(A) They were started by third-or fourth-generation
immigrants.
(B) They originated as offshoots of church-related
groups.
(C) They frequently helped Irish entrepreneurs to
finance business not connected with construction.
(D) They contributed to the employment of many Irish
construction workers.
(E) They provided assistance for construction businesses
owned by members of other ethnic groups.



My doubts are in 5th and 6th question..I marked A and B respectively

OA's are E D B C B D A D

For answering question 5 just look at the beginning of this passage which states ....

"the sociological analysis contends that minority
business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that
it is largely dependent upon social-group resources for its development."


The second paragraph exemplifies this by stating that how credit required for business is raised by informal club of friends who make regular contribution and these contribution are used by others in rotation .

So this is again a group level phenomenon as stated in the beginning of the passage ........

Similarly the black - operated bank also is a group level phenomenon because the fund of these bank came from dues collected from
fraternal or lodge groups, which themselves had sprung
from Black churches .

So here again black - operated bank exemplifies group- level phenomenon .

Therefore we can be sure that the option B which states - An assertion is made and several examples are provided to illustrate it is the correct choice .

There is a small trap in the question - it asks you to refer to the second paragraph but the basic assertion that is being made lies in the first paragraph- the group - level phenomenon .

These types of question where the reference is made to some specific lines and the answer can be found by using not only those lines but also some other lines are the most difficult category of question , as much as I know . Beware of this trap .

For question number 6 ......

Read these lines ...

" Specifically, this analysis indicates that
support networks play a critical role in starting and
maintaining minority business enterprises by providing
owners with a range of assistance, from the informal
encouragement of family members and friends to
dependable sources of labor and clientele from the
owner's ethnic group."


I have purposefully put the word " clientele from the
owner's ethnic group " in bold .

Praprashe this sentence and you will get the answer which is - self-help networks contribute by providing Contact with people who are likely to be customersof the new business

Why the answer to the 3rd question is B and not C
I think both can be inferred.

Arora...can you check it..
If you dont wanna read the entire passage, just focus on lines 39 to 50..
Rest of the passage can be ignored...

My question is with respect to questions 6 & 7. How do we identify the correct answer for these two questions?

Cheers

For the 7th question read the first 1 line.....In contrast to traditional analyses of minority business,
the sociological analysis contends that minority
business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that
it is largely dependent upon social-group resources for
(5) its development.

This will help you....
But I donot understand the 5th question.Can anybody help me in that?

Sorry I wanted to ask about the 4th question...Having difficulty in understanding it

nitya mithal wrote:Sorry I wanted to ask about the 4th question...Having difficulty in understanding it

4. The passage best supports which of the following
statements?
(A) A minority entrepreneur who had no assistance from
family members would not be able to start a
business.
(B) Self-help networks have been effective in helping
entrepreneurs primarily in the last 50 years.
(C) Minority groups have developed a range of
alternatives to standard financing of business
ventures.
(D) The financial institutions founded by various ethnic
groups owe their success to their unique formal
organization.
(E) Successful minority-owned businesses succeed
primarily because of the personal strengths of their
founders.

This is basically a inference question -- if you read the para 1 then you will find few lines stating that the members of the business do not turn to banks due to following reasons --

Individual entrepreneurs do not neces-
sarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain finan-
cial backing from commercial resources. They may actu-
(35) ally avoid banks because they assume that commercial
institutions either cannot comprehend the special needs
of minority enterprise or charge unreasonably high
interest rates.

So, the minority groups have developed other resources to finance their business ventures. This is what option C in question 4 is saying.

hth.

PS: I got 7th question wrong. I selected D. can someone please explain that to me?

As per the OA - the minority business would actually focus on the maintenance of businesses, rather than means of starting them? And all along i was thinking that they are focused towards starting new businesses by the help of close relatives, friends etc.

I received a PM about Q7.

It can be inferred from the passage that traditional analyses of minority business would be LEAST likely
to do which of the following?

Strategy:
FIND THE WINDOW: the 5-10 lines in the passage that discuss TRADITIONAL ANALYSES.
PARAPHRASE: In your own words, answer the question.

The WINDOW is in the beginning of the passage:
In contrast to traditional analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis contends that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that it is largely dependent upon social-group resources for its development.

PARAPHRASE:
Since traditional analyses DO NOT contend that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, they would be LEAST likely to focus on SOCIAL-GROUP RESOURCES.

Answer choice A describes what traditional analyses would be LEAST likely to do:
Examine businesses primarily in their social contexts.

The correct answer is A.

Thanks Mitch for the explanation.

Can anyone explain Q 5,6,7 briefly ? Thanks.

Hi Sujamait,

The explanations to your questions are:


5. Which of the following best describes the organization
of the second paragraph?
USE POE

(A) An argument is delineated, followed by a
counterargument. This is clearly not the case.
(B) An assertion is made and several examples are
provided to illustrate it. Yes, assertion is made and examples of different communities are given.
(C) A situation is described and its historical
background is then outlined. Not examples except China town has been supported with historical data.
(D) An example of a phenomenon is given and is then
used as a basis for general conclusions. First statement of 2nd Para is not an example.Examples are given later in the para.
(E) A group of parallel incidents is described and the
distinctions among the incidents are then clarified. There are no parallel incidents described that took at same time or so.

6. According to the passage, once a minority-owned
business is established, self-help networks contribute
which of the following to that business?
(A) Information regarding possible expansion of the
business into nearby communities. "Near by community" is not discussed any where.
(B) Encouragement of a business climate that is nearly
free of direct competition. No description of competition is there in both paras.
(C) Opportunities for the business owner to reinvest
profits in other minority-owned businesses. Nothing is discussed about investment into other. Major discussion is funding for ones own business.
(D) Contact with people who are likely to be customers
of the new business. The 1st para clearly brings out this.
(E) Contact with minority entrepreneurs who are
members of other ethnic groups. "Other ethinic group" is incorrect.

7. It can be inferred from the passage that traditional
analyses of minority business would be LEAST likely
to do which of the following?
(A) Examine businesses primarily in their social
contexts. The is done by Sociological Analysis and Traditions does not do the same way as it is clearly brought out in 1st and 2nd line of 1st Para. So this is clearly be the answer.
(B) Focus on current, rather than historical, examples
of business enterprises
(C) Stress common experiences of individual
entrepreneurs in starting businesses
(D) Focus on the maintenance of businesses, rather
than means of starting them
(E) Focus on the role of individual entrepreneurs in
starting a business

8. Which of the following can be inferred from the
passage about the Irish building and loan
associations mentioned in the last paragraph?
(A) They were started by third-or fourth-generation
immigrants. There is some mention for this for chinese and not Irish.
(B) They originated as offshoots of church-related
groups. This is mentioned for blacks not Irish.
(C) They frequently helped Irish entrepreneurs to
finance business not connected with construction. For Irish the 2nd para mentions only for construction business and not anything else.
(D) They contributed to the employment of many Irish
construction workers. Yes, this had be brought out clearly by saying job opportunities for Iris contractors increases.
(E) They provided assistance for construction businesses
owned by members of other ethnic groups. No, not for other ethnic group .. by Irish for Iris contractor

Hello. Could you please explain the answer for Q3 & Q4

Thanks

GMATGuruNY wrote:I received a PM about Q7.

It can be inferred from the passage that traditional analyses of minority business would be LEAST likely
to do which of the following?

Strategy:
FIND THE WINDOW: the 5-10 lines in the passage that discuss TRADITIONAL ANALYSES.
PARAPHRASE: In your own words, answer the question.

The WINDOW is in the beginning of the passage:
In contrast to traditional analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis contends that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that it is largely dependent upon social-group resources for its development.

PARAPHRASE:
Since traditional analyses DO NOT contend that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, they would be LEAST likely to focus on SOCIAL-GROUP RESOURCES.

Answer choice A describes what traditional analyses would be LEAST likely to do:
Examine businesses primarily in their social contexts.

The correct answer is A.

This is my answer for all questions:

1 - E
2 - A
3 - B
4 - C
5 - B
6 - D
7 - A
8 - D

Can anyone check please?