-ing form without a comma/ by +ing form

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-ing form without a comma/ by +ing form

by rameshmbaprep » Fri Sep 30, 2011 11:22 pm
Hi I would like to understand the difference between the below forms.

Main clause ending with a noun + comma + -ing form
Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.

Main clause ending with a noun +No comma + -ing form
Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.


Also,

Main clause ending with a noun +No comma + -ing form
Police have contained crime in our neighborhood using latest technology.

Main clause ending with a noun +No comma + by + -ing form
Police have contained crime in our neighborhood by using latest technology.

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